5.To avoid unintended ambiguity

How's this for unintended consequences? Some of the biggest beneficiaries(受惠者) of the women's movement have been married men. According to a new study by the Pew Research Center, married men have a 60% higher average household income than they did in 1970, even adjusted for inflation. Unmarried men, on the other hand, only got a 16% bump.

One reason for the rise is that more men are marrying women who make more money than they do, mainly because there are more high-income women to go around. In 1970, just 4% of men ages 30 to 44 had wives who brought in more money than they did. By 2007, more than a fifth of men in that age range had wives who out-earned them. Members of this thriving demographic(人口统计学的) are effectively doubling their income or more when they wed, without doubling their costs.

Aside from the increase in white-collar women, the other trend behind the Pew numbers is that marriage rates have declined most sharply among the least educated men and women, which helps explain why the average household income figures for married men have pulled even further ahead of those for their single counterparts. More of the least rich are unmarried than before.

The study, which drew on household income data from the Decennial Census and the 2007 American Community Survey, showed that the biggest gainers were married college-educated men. The biggest losers were unmarried men who did not complete high school or who only had a high school diploma. After adjusting for inflation, the 2007 unmarried low-income men and women had lower household incomes than their 1970 counterparts. "The steeper decline in marriage among the less educated has contributed to a steeper decline in their income," says one of the study's authors, D'Vera Cohn.

The trend has a dark side, says Dalton Conley, social sciences dean at New York University. "High-income women marrying high-income men is one of the drivers of inequality," he says. "It affects the distribution of income between families." He notes that among college-educated high-income couples, the divorce rate is getting lower, while unmarried low-income men and women tend to partner up and then uncouple more rapidly. "This leads to family instability and a cycle of disadvantage," says Conley.

What do we know about the unmarried men, according to the last sentence of the first paragraph?

A．They got a 16% increase in household income.

B．They got a 16% decrease in household income.

C．Only 16% of them were in financial difficulty.

D．Only 16% of them earned more than in 1970.

A．unrefined

B．unintended

C．unrestrained

D．uneducated

Last Friday an advisory panel to the European Environment Agency issued an extraordinary scientific opinion: The European Union should suspend its goal of having 10 percent of transportation fuel made from biofuel by 2020.

The European Union&39;s biofuel targets were increased and extended from 5.75 percent by 2010 to 10 percent by 2020 just last year. Still, Europe&39;s well-meaning rush to biofuels, the scientists concluded, had produced a slew of harmful ripple effects - from deforestation in Southeast Asia to higher prices for grains.

In a recommendation released last weekend, the 20-member panel, made up of some of Europe&39;s most distinguished climate scientists, called the 10 percent target "overambitious" and an "experiment" whose "unintended effects are difficult to predict and difficult to control."

"The idea was that we felt we needed to slow down, to analyze the issue carefully and then come back at the problem," Laszlo Somlyody, the panel&39;s chairman and a professor at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, said in a telephone interview.

He said that part of the problem was that when it set the targets, the European Union was trying desperately to solve the problem of rising transportation emissions "in isolation," without adequately studying the effects of other sectors like land use and food supply.

"The starting point was correct: I&39;m happy that the European Union took the lead in cutting greenhouse gasses and we need to control traffic emissions," Somlyody said. "But the basic problem is it thought of transport alone, without considering all these other effects. And we don&39;t understand those very well yet." The panel&39;s advice is not binding and it is not clear whether the European Commission will follow the recommendation.

It has become increasingly clear that the global pursuit of biofuels - encouraged by a rash of targets and subsides in both Europe and the United States - has not produced the desired effect.

Investigations have shown, for example, rain forests and peat swamp are being cleared to make way for biofuel plantations, a process that produces more emissions than the biofuels can save. Equally concerning, land needed to produce food forpeople to eat is planted with more profitable biofuel crops, and water is diverted from the drinking supply.

In Europe and the United States, food prices for items like pizza and bread have increased significantly as grain stores shrink and wheat prices rise.

The price of wheat and rice are double those of a year ago, and corn is a third higher, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization said this week.

"Food price inflation hits the poor hardest, as the share of food in their total expenditures is much higher than that of wealthier populations," said Henri Josserand of the Food and Agriculture Organization

For example, the European Environment Agency advisory panel suggests that the best use of plant biomass is not for transport fuel but to heat homes and generate electricity.

To be useful for vehicles, plant matter must be distilled to a fuel and often transported long distances. To heat a home, it can often be used raw or with minimal processing, and moved just a short distance away.

根据材料请回答 41～45

Drug Reactions:a Major Cause of Death

Adverse drug reactions may cause the deaths of over 100,000 US hospital patients each year, making them a leading cause of death nationwide, according to a report in The Journal of the American Medical Association .

"The incidence of serious and fatal adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in US hospital was found to be extremely high,” say researchers at the .University of Toronto in Ontario,Canada.

They carried on an analysis of 39 ADR-related studies at US hospitals over the past 30 years and defined an ADR as "any harmful, unintended, and undesired effect of a drug which occurs at doses used in humans for prevention, diagnosis, or therapy."An average 6.7% of all hospitalized patients experience an ADR every year, according to the research-ers.They estimate that "in 1994, overall 2,216,000 hospitalized patients had serious ADRs, and 106,000 had fatal ADRs." This means that ADRs may rank as the fourth sin-gle largest cause of death in America.

And these incidence figures are probably conservative, the researchers add, since their ADR definition did not include outcomes linked to problems in drug administration, over-doses, drug abuse, and therapeutic failures.

The control of ADRs also means spending more money.One US study estimated the overall cost of treating ADRs at up to $4 billion per year.Dr David Bates of Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, believes that healthcare workers need to pay more attention to the problem, especially since many ADRs are easily preventable." When a patient develops an allergy or sensitivity, it is often not recorded," Bates notes," and patients receive drug to which they have known allergies or sensitivities with distur-bing frequency." He believes computerized surveillance systems still work-in-progress at many of the nation's hospitals should help cut down the frequency of these types of er-rors.

第 41 题 Researchers at the University of Toronto believe that________.{Page}A．ADRs have caused medical problems, though they seldom lead to death

B．ADRs have very often caused patients to die in Canada

C．ADRs have caused many deaths in America over the past 30 years

D．It is easy to prevent ADRs from happening

Drug Reactions m a Major Cause of Death

Adverse drug reactions may cause the deaths of over 100,000 US hospital patients each year, making them a leading cause of death nationwide, according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

"The incidence of serious and fatal adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in US hospitals was found to be extremely high," say researchers at the University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada.

They carried on an analysis of 39 ADR-related studies at US hospitals over the past 30 years and defined an ADR as "any harmful, unintended, and undesired effect of a drag which occurs at doses used in humans for prevention, diagnosis, or therapy."

An average 6.7% of all hospitalized patients experience an ADR every year, according to the researchers. They estimate that "in 1994, overall 2,216,000 hospitalized patients had serious ADRs, and 106,000 had fatal ADRs." This means that ADRs may rank as the fourth single largest cause of death in America.

And these incidence figures are probably conservative, the researchers add, since their ADR definition did not include outcomes linked to problems in drug administration, overdoses, drug abuse, and therapeutic failures.

The control of ADRs also means spending more money. One US study estimated the overall cost of treating ADRs at up to $4 billion per year.

Dr. David Bates of Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, believes that healthcare workers need to pay more attention to the problem, especially since many ADRs are easily preventable. "When a patient develops an allergy or sensitivity, it is often not recorded," Bates notes, "and patients receive drugs to which they have known allergies or sensitivities with disturbing frequency." He believes computerized surveillance systems — still works-in-progress at many of the nation's hospitals — should help cut down the frequency of these types of errors.

Researchers at the University of Toronto believe that

A．ADRs have caused medical problems, though they seldom lead to death.

B．ADRs have very often caused patients to die in Canada.

C．ADRs have caused many deaths in America over the past 30 years.

D．it is easy to prevent ADRs from happening.

Passage One

Adverse (不良的) drug reactions may cause the deaths of over 100,000 U. S. hospital patients each year, making them a leading cause of death nationwide, according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

"The incidence (发生率) of serious and fatal adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in US hospitals was found to be extremely high," say researchers at the University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada.

They carried out an analysis of 39 ADR-related studies at US hospitals over the past 30 years and defined an ADR as "any harmful, unintended, and undesired effect of a drug which occurs at doses (剂量) used in humans for medical treatment."

An average 6.7% of all hospitalized patients experience an ADR every year, according to the researchers. They estimate that "in 1994, overall 2,216,000 hospitalized patients had serious ADRs, and 106,000 had fatal ADRs." This means that ADRs may rank as the fourth single largest cause of death in America.

The control of ADRs also means spending more money. One US study estimated the overall cost of treating ADRs at up to ＄4 billion per year.

Dr David Bates of Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, believes that healthcare workers need to pay more attention to the problem, especially since many ADRs are easily preventable. "When a patient develops an allergy (过敏症) or sensitivity, it is often not recorded," Bates notes, "and patients receive drug to which they have known allergies or sensitivities with disturbing frequency." He believes special computerized systems-still work-in-progress at many of the nation's hospitals-should help cut down the frequency of these types of errors.

Who wrote the report in the American journal?

A．The American Medical Association.

B．Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston.

C．Doctors at an American hospital.

D．Researchers at a Canadian university.

A．Morepeoplewillcommitcrimesasaresultoftheincreaseddruguse

B．Toughdrugenforcementpoliciesreducethedemandforillegaldrugs．

C．Drugaddictswillhaveanevengreaterneedforquickcashtosupporttheirhabits．

D．Intheshortrun,bothequilibriumquantitiesandpriceswillfallinthemarketsforillegaldrugs．

Part B

Directions :

Read the following text careully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese .Write your translation clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.

Neither the Americans nor the Russians have the resources to continue human space flight on their own ;both sides know they need each other. 61)1t's much easier and cheaper to get used to each other and to blend differing operating styles, languages, and systems on the aged Mir( a Russian word for " peace" ) than trying to do that while jointly building a new space station. NASA , in fact ,calls its program of shuttle flights to Mir Phase l of the International Space Station(ISS).Phase 2 marks the beginning of actual construction. The procedures used to dock the shuttle to Mir,

for example ,also will be used as a lifeboat for the ISS. And Progress freighters ,like the one that crashed into Mir in June ,will haul cargo to the ISS. 62)One unintended benefit of Mir's technical troubles is that they have actually forced the two nations to work much more ore closely together than they had planned.

Except for a brief period in the 1970s with Skylab ,NASA has never operated a space station ;the Russians have been running them for years. Astronauts have long been trained intensively to per-form. specific tasks on shuttle flights lasting 18 days or less.63)Russian astronauts, however, learnmore general skills, since they spend many months in orbit and no one can forecast all the problems they might encounter. As a result of shuttle-Mir experience, NASA is revising astronaut training to include more of the general skills they will need on the ISS.

NASA decided to send astronauts to Mir based on its long record of safe operation. But this year ,crews aboard Mir have faced two of the most serious emergencies in the history of human space flight. 64)In February ,an oxygen generator caught fire ,shooting out 4-foot-long jets of flame like; fire extinguishers were bolted in place ,delaying reaction to the fire. In June ,a Progress Freight- er collided with the Spektr module ,puncturing it. Spektr had to be sealed off to prevent all the air from leaking from the spacecraft. 65) The ancient computer that controls Mir has failed many times ,causing most other systems ,including the one that keeps the station's solar panels pointed at the sun, to shut down. One failure in August occurred while a Progress was docking. Last week ,the computer crashed again ,the carbon dioxide removal system shut down ,and a mysterious brown flu-id-probably rocket fuel - appeared to leak from the station.

61_________