Not every ship needs to undergo a port state control inspection.

A full night's sleep'/Not everyone needs it. The truism that all adults need at least eight hours of sleep a night for good health should be put to rest by mounting evidence that less may be better.①

People who sleep about seven hours a night live the longest, three huge studies have found, the newest out in the February issue of the journal Sleep. Still, many sleep experts say lots of adults get too little rest, and that can lead to dangerous health problems.

In the latest report from Japanese researchers, 104,010 adults were followed for about 10 years. At the start the participants answered questionnaires about their sleep patterns and about their health mental health and lifestyle. habits, which also can affect survival. After accounting for all of these factors, adults getting all average of seven hours had the lowest death rates. Surprisingly, less sleep ,even as little as four hours a night, didn't significantly increase deaths for men and only lowered survival for women if they averagde less than four hours② But adults who slept longer than seven hours, particulary women, were more likely to die during the 10 years.

Two other major published studies and a dozen smaller ones came to similar conclusions, says psychiatrist Daniel Kripke, a sleep researcher at the University of California-San Diego School of Medicine. Doctors shouldn't tell all of their patients to get at least eight hours of sleep, he says in an editorial in the journal. Hormonal changes triggered by darkness or other unknown biological effects from long sleep could be affecting survival,③ Kripke，says.

But short sleepers may suffer other bad effects. In his brief studies, those sleeping four to five and a half hours did poorly on tests that measure memory, clear thinking and the ability to pay attention, "and they did progressively worse as the week went on," says David Dinges of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Adults who slept about seven hours performed best, he says. Other small studies have found adults who sleep less than six hours may be at higher risk for some diseases like diabetes and overweight. And sleep deprivation also causes car crashes, Dinges says. "People should get as many hours sleep, p as they need to feel rested," Kripke says, adding that there's no proof that shortening sleep will lengthen life. s1eep need is partly genetic and may be determined by other factors that also influence life span, he says.

What can we learn from the passage?

A．Sleep hours is the most important factor affecting survival.

B．Going to bed and getting up early improve health.

C．Less sleep is more harmful than over sufficient sleep to people.

D．People have different demands of sleep hours.

The probable title of this passage is

A．Degree Is Not Everything.

B．The U. S. Needs to Strengthen Its Competitiveness.

C．Science Revival in the U. S.

D．High-Skilled Workers in Urgent Demand.

听力原文： Now, I' d like to talk about psychological- space.

Not everyone in the world requires the same amount of living space. The amount of space a person needs around him is a cultural preference, not an economic one. Knowing our own psychological space needs is important because they strongly influence your choices, including, for example, the number of bedrooms in the home. If you were reared in a two-child family and both you and your sister or brother had your own bedrooms, the chances are, if you have two children or more, that you also will provide separate bedrooms for them. In America they train people to want their own private rooms by giving them their own rooms when they are babies. This is very rare in the world. In many cultures the baby sleeps in the same bed with his parents or in a crib near their bed.

The areas 'in the home where people gravitate also reveals a lot about psychological space needs: Some families cluster, and the size of their house has nothing to do with it. Others have separate little niches where family members go to be alone.

Although it is true that psychological space needs are not determined by economic factors, they sometimes have to be modified a little because of economic pressures. It is almost impossible, however, to completely change your psychological space needs.

Which of the following is the factor that determines human beings' psychological space needs?

A．Economic factors.

B．Pressure in life.

C．Individual preference.

D．Cultural preference.

听力原文： Now, I' d like to talk about psychological space.

Not everyone in the world requires the same amount of living space. The amount of space a person needs around him is a cultural preference, not an economic one. Knowing our own psychological space needs is important because they strongly influence your choices, including, for example, the number of bedrooms in the home. If you were reared in a two-child family and both you and your sister or brother had your own bedrooms, the chances are, if you have two children or more, that you also will provide separate bedrooms for them. In America they train people to want their own private rooms by giving them their own rooms when they are babies. This is very rare in the world. In many cultures the baby sleeps in the same bed with his parents or in a crib near their bed.

The areas in the home where people gravitate also reveals a lot about psychological space needs. Some families cluster, and the size of their house has nothing to do with it. Others have separate little niches where family members go to be alone.

Although it is tree that psychological space needs are not determined by economic factors, they sometimes have to be modified a little because of economic pressures. It is almost impossible, however, to completely change your psychological space needs.

Which of the following is the factor that determines human beings' psychological space needs?

A．Economic factors.

B．Pressure in life.

C．Individual preference.

D．Cultural preference.

What statement of the following can NOT be true according to the passage?

A．Every child is encouraged to supplement with vitamins.

B．Not every child needs supplements of vitamins.

C．A pediatrician is a doctor who gives medical treatments to children.

D．Children like to take in vitamins which are made in a funny form.