When the man overboard is found at early time and is kept in sight, the quickest way of returning is by the single turn.

It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modem life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is ail very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver's seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a "Be Kind to Other Drivers" campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.

Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too, It takes the most coolheaded and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modem traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are ail too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don't even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.

However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.

A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modem motorists can't even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.

According to this passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by ______.

A．people's attitude towards the road-hog

B．the rhythm of modem life

C．the behavior. of the driver

D．traffic conditions

To understand the phenomenon of organised crime, it is necessary to study the social and economic background of the criminal. He is usually a product of a neighbourhood in which a low standard of living prevails. In many cases, he has been a member of a teenage gang with its code of loyalty and exclusive "turf" rights. As a result of the antisocial atmosphere that may prevail in certain neighbourhoods, the gangs would tend also to exhibit evidence of antisocial behaviour of one kind or another. Very often such activity would result in arrest and imprisonment, and the person involved would be well on his way to becoming an outlaw in the social sense. A sufficient number of arrests for minor offences can brand a person as a potential criminal for the rest of his life. Consequently, regular occupations may be denied to him, and he must content himself in legitimate society with a position that is regarded as inferior to others in terms of income and prestige. A reasonably intelligent and ambitious person would tend to become bitter under such circumstances and revert to the pattern of his boyhood group, which gave him a certain self respect.

Persons who enter careers in crime usually are also attracted by the income, or easy money, which they expect to gain and by the prestige as tough and cool manipulators which they can win in their in-group. Furthermore, the standards and values of the teenage gang from which the potential criminals come are often the same as those of an adult criminal conspiracy. This is the case when it comes to loyalty to the leader and the gang. Finally, criminals have shown willingness in the past to take care of their own by providing help for the families of those unfortunate cronies who have been jailed or killed in action. All these incentives combined with the social and economic factors mentioned above contribute toward the personnel and leadership of organised crime.

The great dividing line of the activity of organised crime in the US was the year when the Eighteenth Amendment, prohibiting the sale of liquor was passed. Although certain pressure groups succeeded in having laws enacted against drinking, the social habits of the American people could not be regulated that easily. The demand for liquor remained, and organised crime supplied illegitimately what had been legally provided previously. Crime and violence reached an unprecedented degree until the hoodlums decided to co-operate with each other to a certain extent. After the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment, the illegal production of liquor became negligible by comparison to the volume supplied by gangsters during the era of Prohibition.

To make up for the income that was lost as a result of the repeal of Prohibition, organised crime turned to gambling. The same sociological pattern is evident in gambling as in the case of drinking: the American public could not be stopped from gambling by laws. Criminals organised various gambling activities, sometimes on a nationwide scale. turnover of business due to illegal gambling has been estimated at anywhere from 22 to 50 billion dollars a year.

Certain other types of illegitimate activity are also rich sources of income for organised crime. One of these is the handling and reselling of stolen goods, and another is trade in pornographic literature. Although the turnover of business in the first case might be extremely large, it is not clear whether the involvement of organised crime in the latter trade is too great. Unfortunately, the evidence in both instances has not been collected to a sufficient degree to warrant special treatment here.

What kind of people are most likely to be recruited for criminal activity?

A．People with an antisocial attitude in a low standard of living.

B．People with an arrest record and an antisocial attitude.

C．People with antisocial attitude and behaviour.

D．People without regular occupation and self-respect.

When your family wants to buy or replace a car, a television, or a washing machine, you find the money either from savings or by borrowing from the bank, a hire-purchase company or perhaps a friend. Similarly, a family buying a house for the first time commonly borrows from a building society(住宅互助委员会).

If you own a private business, a garage, shop, or a farm, you will need, from time to time, to buy new equipment, new furnishings, or, if you are doing well, new premises(房屋) so that you can expand. Some of the cost you can meet from the profits you have kept in the business, but often you will need help.

You will go to your bank, to a finance house, or perhaps to a relative or friend for finance provided from his savings. When you borrow money or raise money in this way you pay it back out of future profits.

Many large businesses, however, need cash for new developments or expansion far in excess of what can be provided from their profits or from private sources of capital. A new factory, an oil-well in the North Sea, can cost millions of pounds to construct and bring into production; a new design of car or brand of medicine likewise can cost millions of pounds to design, develop, test and market before it reaches the stage where it earns a profit.

Often these costs can be met from profits earned in other parts of the business or from reserves built up from profits earned in past years. Sometimes, however, it is necessary, and often it may be more advantageous, to raise new money from other sources.

There can be little prospect of raising the sort of stuns needed by major businesses from friends or acquaintances, and generally the banks are reluctant to provide sufficient cash on a permanent basis for long-term projects, though they will provide short-term finance. Such companies can sometimes only raise the money they need to stay in the front of industry and develop new products and sources of production by turning to the public at large and inviting it to lend them cash or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they can do by offering shares in the business or loan capital through stock exchange(证券交易所).

If you want to buy a house, which of the following could you do?

A．Borrow the money from a building society.

B．Borrow the money from a bank.

C．Take money from your savings.

D．Ask a friend to help you out.

One of my favorite posters says, "Life is a test. It is only a test. Had this been a real life you would have been instructed where to go and what to do." Whenever I think of this humorous bit of wisdom, it reminds me not to take my life so seriously. When you look at life and its many challenges as a test, or series of tests, you begin to see each issue you face as an opportunity to grow, a chance to discover more about life. Whether you're being bombarded(攻击;质问) with problems, responsibilities, even insurmountable(不能超越的) difficulties, when looked at as a test, you always have a chance to succeed, in the sense of rising above that which is challenging you. If, on the other hand, you see each new issue you face as a serious battle that must be won in order to survive, you're probably in for a very rocky journey. The only time you're likely to be happy is when everything is working out just right. And we all know how often that happens.

As an experiment, see if you can apply this idea to something you are forced to deal with. Perhaps you have much pressure from your parents or you have a demanding boss. See if you can redefine the issue you face from being a "problem" to being a test. Rather than struggling with your issue, see if there is something you can learn from it. Ask yourself, "Why is this an issue in my life? What would it mean and what would be involved to rise above it? Could 1 possibly look at this issue any differently? Can I see it as a test of some kind?"

If you give this strategy a try you may be surprised at your changed responses. It has become far more acceptable to me to accept things as they are.

According to the passage, what is the author's attitude towards life?

A．He takes his life seriously.

B．He considers life as a test.

C．He knows where to go and what to do.

D．He thinks life is full of humorous wisdom.

To produce the upheaval in the United States that changed and modernized the domain of higher education from the mid-1860s to the mid 1800s, three primary causes interacted. The emergence of a half dozen leaders in education provided the personal force that was needed.

Moreover, an outcry for a fresher, more practical, and more advanced kind of instruction arose among the alumni and friends of nearly all of the old colleges and grew into a movement that overrode all conservative opposition. The aggressive "Young Yale" movement appeared, demanding partial alumni control, a more liberal spirit, and a broader course of study. The graduates of Harvard College simultaneously rallied to relieve the college's poverty and demand new enterprise. Education was pushing toward higher standards in the East by throwing off church leadership everywhere, and in the West by finding a wider range of studies and a new sense of public duty.

The old-style. classical education received its most crushing blow in the citadel of Harvard College, where Dr. Charles Eliot, a young captain of thirty-five, son of a former treasure of Harvard, led the progressive forces. Five revolutionary advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliot's administration. They were the elevation and amplification of entrance requirements, the enlargement of the curriculum and the development of the elective system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the raising of professional training in law, medicine, and the fostering of greater maturity in student life. Standards of admission were sharply advanced in 1872～1873 and 1876～1877. By the appointment of a dean to take charge of student affairs, and a wise handling of discipline, the undergraduates were led to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and less as young animals. One new course of study after another was opened up: science, music, the history of the fine arts, advanced Spanish, political economy, physics, classical philology, and international law.

Which of the following is the author's main purpose in writing the passage?

A．To present the history of Harvard College and compare it with that of Yale University.

B．To criticize the conditions of the U.S. universities in the 19th century.

C．To describe innovations in the U.S. higher education in the latter 1800s.

D．To introduce what was happening in major U.S. universities before the turn of the century.