Which one is the physiological roles of apoptosis during normal development？

During the normal development of self, a child is affected by certain influential factors. 1._____.Infants form. an attachment with the mother that must undergo a process of separation and individuation Object relations psychology examines this relationship,which depends on the ability of the child to separate himself from his object, the mother, and realize that he is a separate individual. 2._____. Certainly, affectionate, caring parents are essential as well. As the child begins to develop his sense of self, he must master certain developmental tasks that are part of growing up,such as acquisition of language and toilet training. 3._____.

4._____. Since an infant's relationship with his mother is so important,according to many psychologists, what effect does being separated from the biological mother have on the adopted child?

5._____. But what about a child who is older when he is adopted?

6._____. When he is placed with an adoptive family, he is likely to experience separation anxiety from his foster mother, who can be regarded as symbolically abandoning him as his own biological mother did.

7._____. Now it seems as though he has to start over: his protesting may give way to despair as he yearns for people who used to be in his life. The adoptive family should offer as much affection and security as possible to reassure the child that he is safe, that they are reliable sources of loving care,and that they will help him through this difficult stage.

8._____. Although he may not mind the actual separation from his mother when he goes to

playschool or day care,he may become obsessed about the time when his mother is supposed to pick him up at day care or kindergarten;tardiness may provoke fears about car accidents or death. On the other hand,some psychologists believe that a child who is given more affection is sometimes more strongly attached to their parents and therefore more prone to separation anxiety than are some of those who are treated more roughly. 9._____. on the contrary, the capacity to experience separation anxiety can be regarded as a sign of the healthy personality. 10._____.

A. A safe,loving environment is another necessary component for the development of a healthy self-concept.

B. For infants adopted at birth,the effect may be minimal,for the infant has often had no opportunity to bond with the biological mother.

C. Since such "dependence" in the well-loved child is outgrown and later provides the basis for a stable independence, it would be a mistake to suppose it to be pathological.

D. One of the most important involves his relationship with his mother.

E. What,then,effect does adoption have on the development of a healthy sense of self?

F. His transition to living in an adoptive home may be difficult as he adjusts to new surroundings and caregivers because,by the age of 18 months,he has already begun to develop a sense of self in re lation to others.

G. Despite these actions,sometimes a child may continue to suffer from separation anxiety.

H. Anything that interrupts the development of these important skills may interfere with developing a healthy self-concept.

I. Consider a toddler adopted at the age of 18 months who has lived in the same foster home since birth.

J. An adopted child, then,has at least an average chance of successful individuation,assuming he is

adopted by loving parents.

(46)

【R4】

DURING THE NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF SELF, A CHILD IS AFFECTED BY CERTAIN INFLUENTIAL FACTORS. 【R1】_____.INFANTS FORM. AN ATTACHMENT WITH THE MOTHER THAT MUST UNDERGO A PROCESS OF SEPARATION AND INDIVIDUATION OBJECT RELATIONS PSYCHOLOGY EXAMINES THIS RELATIONSHIP,WHICH DEPENDS ON THE ABILITY OF THE CHILD TO SEPARATE HIMSELF FROM HIS OBJECT, THE MOTHER, AND REALIZE THAT HE IS A SEPARATE INDIVIDUAL. 【R2】_____. CERTAINLY, AFFECTIONATE, CARING PARENTS ARE ESSENTIAL AS WELL. AS THE CHILD BEGINS TO DEVELOP HIS SENSE OF SELF, HE MUST MASTER CERTAIN DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS THAT ARE PART OF GROWING UP,SUCH AS ACQUISITION OF LANGUAGE AND TOILET TRAININ

G. 【R3】_____. 【R4】_____. SINCE AN INFANT"S RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS MOTHER IS SO IMPORTANT,ACCORDING TO MANY PSYCHOLOGISTS, WHAT EFFECT DOES BEING SEPARATED FROM THE BIOLOGICAL MOTHER HAVE ON THE ADOPTED CHILD? 【R5】_____. BUT WHAT ABOUT A CHILD WHO IS OLDER WHEN HE IS ADOPTED? 【R6】_____. WHEN HE IS PLACED WITH AN ADOPTIVE FAMILY, HE IS LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE SEPARATION ANXIETY FROM HIS FOSTER MOTHER, WHO CAN BE REGARDED AS SYMBOLICALLY ABANDONING HIM AS HIS OWN BIOLOGICAL MOTHER DI

D. 【R7】_____. NOW IT SEEMS AS THOUGH HE HAS TO START OVER;HIS PROTESTING MAY GIVE WAY TO DESPAIR AS HE YEARNS FOR PEOPLE WHO USED TO BE IN HIS LIF

E. THE ADOPTIVE FAMILY SHOULD OFFER AS MUCH AFFECTION AND SECURITY AS POSSIBLE TO REASSURE THE CHILD THAT HE IS SAFE, THAT THEY ARE RELIABLE SOURCES OF LOVING CARE,AND THAT THEY WILL HELP HIM THROUGH THIS DIFFICULT STAG

E. 【R8】_____. ALTHOUGH HE MAY NOT MIND THE ACTUAL SEPARATION FROM HIS MOTHER WHEN HE GOES TO PLAYSCHOOL OR DAY CARE,HE MAY BECOME OBSESSED ABOUT THE TIME WHEN HIS MOTHER IS SUPPOSED TO PICK HIM UP AT DAY CARE OR KINDERGARTEN;TARDINESS MAY PROVOKE FEARS ABOUT CAR ACCIDENTS OR DEAT

H. ON THE OTHER HAND,SOME PSYCHOLOGISTS BELIEVE THAT A CHILD WHO IS GIVEN MORE AFFECTION IS SOMETIMES MORE STRONGLY ATTACHED TO THEIR PARENTS AND THEREFORE MORE PRONE TO SEPARATION ANXIETY THAN ARE SOME OF THOSE WHO ARE TREATED MORE ROUGHLY. 【R9】_____. ON THE CONTRARY, THE CAPACITY TO EXPERIENCE SEPARATION ANXIETY CAN BE REGARDED AS A SIGN OF THE HEALTHY PERSONALITY. 【R10】_____. A. A SAFE,LOVING ENVIRONMENT IS ANOTHER NECESSARY COMPONENT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HEALTHY SELF-CONCEPT.

B. FOR INFANTS ADOPTED AT BIRTH,THE EFFECT MAY BE MINIMAL,FOR THE INFANT HAS OFTEN HAD NO OPPORTUNITY TO BOND WITH THE BIOLOGICAL MOTHER.

C. SINCE SUCH "DEPENDENCE" IN THE WELL-LOVED CHILD IS OUTGROWN AND LATER PROVIDES THE BASIS FOR A STABLE INDEPENDENCE, IT WOULD BE A MISTAKE TO SUPPOSE IT TO BE PATHOLOGICAL.

D. ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT INVOLVES HIS RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS MOTHER.

E. WHAT,THEN,EFFECT DOES ADOPTION HAVE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HEALTHY SENSE OF SELF?

F. HIS TRANSITION TO LIVING IN AN ADOPTIVE HOME MAY BE DIFFICULT AS HE ADJUSTS TO NEW SURROUNDINGS AND CAREGIVERS BECAUSE,BY THE AGE OF 18 MONTHS,HE HAS ALREADY BEGUN TO DEVELOP A SENSE OF SELF IN RE LATION TO OTHERS.

G. DESPITE THESE ACTIONS,SOMETIMES A CHILD MAY CONTINUE TO SUFFER FROM SEPARATION ANXIETY.

H. ANYTHING THAT INTERRUPTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THESE IMPORTANT SKILLS MAY INTERFERE WITH DEVELOPING A HEALTHY SELF-CONCEPT.

I. CONSIDER A TODDLER ADOPTED AT THE AGE OF 18 MONTHS WHO HAS LIVED IN THE SAME FOSTER HOME SINCE BIRT

H.

J. AN ADOPTED CHILD, THEN,HAS AT LEAST AN AVERAGE CHANCE OF SUCCESSFUL INDIVIDUATION,ASSUMING HE IS ADOPTED BY LOVING PARENTS.

【R7】

DURING THE NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF SELF, A CHILD IS AFFECTED BY CERTAIN INFLUENTIAL FACTORS. 【R1】_____.INFANTS FORM. AN ATTACHMENT WITH THE MOTHER THAT MUST UNDERGO A PROCESS OF SEPARATION AND INDIVIDUATION OBJECT RELATIONS PSYCHOLOGY EXAMINES THIS RELATIONSHIP,WHICH DEPENDS ON THE ABILITY OF THE CHILD TO SEPARATE HIMSELF FROM HIS OBJECT, THE MOTHER, AND REALIZE THAT HE IS A SEPARATE INDIVIDUAL. 【R2】_____. CERTAINLY, AFFECTIONATE, CARING PARENTS ARE ESSENTIAL AS WELL. AS THE CHILD BEGINS TO DEVELOP HIS SENSE OF SELF, HE MUST MASTER CERTAIN DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS THAT ARE PART OF GROWING UP,SUCH AS ACQUISITION OF LANGUAGE AND TOILET TRAININ

G. 【R3】_____. 【R4】_____. SINCE AN INFANT"S RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS MOTHER IS SO IMPORTANT,ACCORDING TO MANY PSYCHOLOGISTS, WHAT EFFECT DOES BEING SEPARATED FROM THE BIOLOGICAL MOTHER HAVE ON THE ADOPTED CHILD? 【R5】_____. BUT WHAT ABOUT A CHILD WHO IS OLDER WHEN HE IS ADOPTED? 【R6】_____. WHEN HE IS PLACED WITH AN ADOPTIVE FAMILY, HE IS LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE SEPARATION ANXIETY FROM HIS FOSTER MOTHER, WHO CAN BE REGARDED AS SYMBOLICALLY ABANDONING HIM AS HIS OWN BIOLOGICAL MOTHER DI

D. 【R7】_____. NOW IT SEEMS AS THOUGH HE HAS TO START OVER;HIS PROTESTING MAY GIVE WAY TO DESPAIR AS HE YEARNS FOR PEOPLE WHO USED TO BE IN HIS LIF

E. THE ADOPTIVE FAMILY SHOULD OFFER AS MUCH AFFECTION AND SECURITY AS POSSIBLE TO REASSURE THE CHILD THAT HE IS SAFE, THAT THEY ARE RELIABLE SOURCES OF LOVING CARE,AND THAT THEY WILL HELP HIM THROUGH THIS DIFFICULT STAG

E. 【R8】_____. ALTHOUGH HE MAY NOT MIND THE ACTUAL SEPARATION FROM HIS MOTHER WHEN HE GOES TO PLAYSCHOOL OR DAY CARE,HE MAY BECOME OBSESSED ABOUT THE TIME WHEN HIS MOTHER IS SUPPOSED TO PICK HIM UP AT DAY CARE OR KINDERGARTEN;TARDINESS MAY PROVOKE FEARS ABOUT CAR ACCIDENTS OR DEAT

H. ON THE OTHER HAND,SOME PSYCHOLOGISTS BELIEVE THAT A CHILD WHO IS GIVEN MORE AFFECTION IS SOMETIMES MORE STRONGLY ATTACHED TO THEIR PARENTS AND THEREFORE MORE PRONE TO SEPARATION ANXIETY THAN ARE SOME OF THOSE WHO ARE TREATED MORE ROUGHLY. 【R9】_____. ON THE CONTRARY, THE CAPACITY TO EXPERIENCE SEPARATION ANXIETY CAN BE REGARDED AS A SIGN OF THE HEALTHY PERSONALITY. 【R10】_____. A. A SAFE,LOVING ENVIRONMENT IS ANOTHER NECESSARY COMPONENT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HEALTHY SELF-CONCEPT.

B. FOR INFANTS ADOPTED AT BIRTH,THE EFFECT MAY BE MINIMAL,FOR THE INFANT HAS OFTEN HAD NO OPPORTUNITY TO BOND WITH THE BIOLOGICAL MOTHER.

C. SINCE SUCH "DEPENDENCE" IN THE WELL-LOVED CHILD IS OUTGROWN AND LATER PROVIDES THE BASIS FOR A STABLE INDEPENDENCE, IT WOULD BE A MISTAKE TO SUPPOSE IT TO BE PATHOLOGICAL.

D. ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT INVOLVES HIS RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS MOTHER.

E. WHAT,THEN,EFFECT DOES ADOPTION HAVE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HEALTHY SENSE OF SELF?

F. HIS TRANSITION TO LIVING IN AN ADOPTIVE HOME MAY BE DIFFICULT AS HE ADJUSTS TO NEW SURROUNDINGS AND CAREGIVERS BECAUSE,BY THE AGE OF 18 MONTHS,HE HAS ALREADY BEGUN TO DEVELOP A SENSE OF SELF IN RE LATION TO OTHERS.

G. DESPITE THESE ACTIONS,SOMETIMES A CHILD MAY CONTINUE TO SUFFER FROM SEPARATION ANXIETY.

H. ANYTHING THAT INTERRUPTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THESE IMPORTANT SKILLS MAY INTERFERE WITH DEVELOPING A HEALTHY SELF-CONCEPT.

I. CONSIDER A TODDLER ADOPTED AT THE AGE OF 18 MONTHS WHO HAS LIVED IN THE SAME FOSTER HOME SINCE BIRT

H.

J. AN ADOPTED CHILD, THEN,HAS AT LEAST AN AVERAGE CHANCE OF SUCCESSFUL INDIVIDUATION,ASSUMING HE IS ADOPTED BY LOVING PARENTS.

【R5】

DURING THE NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF SELF, A CHILD IS AFFECTED BY CERTAIN INFLUENTIAL FACTORS. 【R1】_____.INFANTS FORM. AN ATTACHMENT WITH THE MOTHER THAT MUST UNDERGO A PROCESS OF SEPARATION AND INDIVIDUATION OBJECT RELATIONS PSYCHOLOGY EXAMINES THIS RELATIONSHIP,WHICH DEPENDS ON THE ABILITY OF THE CHILD TO SEPARATE HIMSELF FROM HIS OBJECT, THE MOTHER, AND REALIZE THAT HE IS A SEPARATE INDIVIDUAL. 【R2】_____. CERTAINLY, AFFECTIONATE, CARING PARENTS ARE ESSENTIAL AS WELL. AS THE CHILD BEGINS TO DEVELOP HIS SENSE OF SELF, HE MUST MASTER CERTAIN DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS THAT ARE PART OF GROWING UP,SUCH AS ACQUISITION OF LANGUAGE AND TOILET TRAININ

G. 【R3】_____. 【R4】_____. SINCE AN INFANT"S RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS MOTHER IS SO IMPORTANT,ACCORDING TO MANY PSYCHOLOGISTS, WHAT EFFECT DOES BEING SEPARATED FROM THE BIOLOGICAL MOTHER HAVE ON THE ADOPTED CHILD? 【R5】_____. BUT WHAT ABOUT A CHILD WHO IS OLDER WHEN HE IS ADOPTED? 【R6】_____. WHEN HE IS PLACED WITH AN ADOPTIVE FAMILY, HE IS LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE SEPARATION ANXIETY FROM HIS FOSTER MOTHER, WHO CAN BE REGARDED AS SYMBOLICALLY ABANDONING HIM AS HIS OWN BIOLOGICAL MOTHER DI

D. 【R7】_____. NOW IT SEEMS AS THOUGH HE HAS TO START OVER;HIS PROTESTING MAY GIVE WAY TO DESPAIR AS HE YEARNS FOR PEOPLE WHO USED TO BE IN HIS LIF

E. THE ADOPTIVE FAMILY SHOULD OFFER AS MUCH AFFECTION AND SECURITY AS POSSIBLE TO REASSURE THE CHILD THAT HE IS SAFE, THAT THEY ARE RELIABLE SOURCES OF LOVING CARE,AND THAT THEY WILL HELP HIM THROUGH THIS DIFFICULT STAG

E. 【R8】_____. ALTHOUGH HE MAY NOT MIND THE ACTUAL SEPARATION FROM HIS MOTHER WHEN HE GOES TO PLAYSCHOOL OR DAY CARE,HE MAY BECOME OBSESSED ABOUT THE TIME WHEN HIS MOTHER IS SUPPOSED TO PICK HIM UP AT DAY CARE OR KINDERGARTEN;TARDINESS MAY PROVOKE FEARS ABOUT CAR ACCIDENTS OR DEAT

H. ON THE OTHER HAND,SOME PSYCHOLOGISTS BELIEVE THAT A CHILD WHO IS GIVEN MORE AFFECTION IS SOMETIMES MORE STRONGLY ATTACHED TO THEIR PARENTS AND THEREFORE MORE PRONE TO SEPARATION ANXIETY THAN ARE SOME OF THOSE WHO ARE TREATED MORE ROUGHLY. 【R9】_____. ON THE CONTRARY, THE CAPACITY TO EXPERIENCE SEPARATION ANXIETY CAN BE REGARDED AS A SIGN OF THE HEALTHY PERSONALITY. 【R10】_____. A. A SAFE,LOVING ENVIRONMENT IS ANOTHER NECESSARY COMPONENT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HEALTHY SELF-CONCEPT.

B. FOR INFANTS ADOPTED AT BIRTH,THE EFFECT MAY BE MINIMAL,FOR THE INFANT HAS OFTEN HAD NO OPPORTUNITY TO BOND WITH THE BIOLOGICAL MOTHER.

C. SINCE SUCH "DEPENDENCE" IN THE WELL-LOVED CHILD IS OUTGROWN AND LATER PROVIDES THE BASIS FOR A STABLE INDEPENDENCE, IT WOULD BE A MISTAKE TO SUPPOSE IT TO BE PATHOLOGICAL.

D. ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT INVOLVES HIS RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS MOTHER.

E. WHAT,THEN,EFFECT DOES ADOPTION HAVE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HEALTHY SENSE OF SELF?

F. HIS TRANSITION TO LIVING IN AN ADOPTIVE HOME MAY BE DIFFICULT AS HE ADJUSTS TO NEW SURROUNDINGS AND CAREGIVERS BECAUSE,BY THE AGE OF 18 MONTHS,HE HAS ALREADY BEGUN TO DEVELOP A SENSE OF SELF IN RE LATION TO OTHERS.

G. DESPITE THESE ACTIONS,SOMETIMES A CHILD MAY CONTINUE TO SUFFER FROM SEPARATION ANXIETY.

H. ANYTHING THAT INTERRUPTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THESE IMPORTANT SKILLS MAY INTERFERE WITH DEVELOPING A HEALTHY SELF-CONCEPT.

I. CONSIDER A TODDLER ADOPTED AT THE AGE OF 18 MONTHS WHO HAS LIVED IN THE SAME FOSTER HOME SINCE BIRT

H.

J. AN ADOPTED CHILD, THEN,HAS AT LEAST AN AVERAGE CHANCE OF SUCCESSFUL INDIVIDUATION,ASSUMING HE IS ADOPTED BY LOVING PARENTS.

【R8】

DURING THE NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF SELF, A CHILD IS AFFECTED BY CERTAIN INFLUENTIAL FACTORS. 【R1】_____.INFANTS FORM. AN ATTACHMENT WITH THE MOTHER THAT MUST UNDERGO A PROCESS OF SEPARATION AND INDIVIDUATION OBJECT RELATIONS PSYCHOLOGY EXAMINES THIS RELATIONSHIP,WHICH DEPENDS ON THE ABILITY OF THE CHILD TO SEPARATE HIMSELF FROM HIS OBJECT, THE MOTHER, AND REALIZE THAT HE IS A SEPARATE INDIVIDUAL. 【R2】_____. CERTAINLY, AFFECTIONATE, CARING PARENTS ARE ESSENTIAL AS WELL. AS THE CHILD BEGINS TO DEVELOP HIS SENSE OF SELF, HE MUST MASTER CERTAIN DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS THAT ARE PART OF GROWING UP,SUCH AS ACQUISITION OF LANGUAGE AND TOILET TRAININ

G. 【R3】_____. 【R4】_____. SINCE AN INFANT"S RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS MOTHER IS SO IMPORTANT,ACCORDING TO MANY PSYCHOLOGISTS, WHAT EFFECT DOES BEING SEPARATED FROM THE BIOLOGICAL MOTHER HAVE ON THE ADOPTED CHILD? 【R5】_____. BUT WHAT ABOUT A CHILD WHO IS OLDER WHEN HE IS ADOPTED? 【R6】_____. WHEN HE IS PLACED WITH AN ADOPTIVE FAMILY, HE IS LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE SEPARATION ANXIETY FROM HIS FOSTER MOTHER, WHO CAN BE REGARDED AS SYMBOLICALLY ABANDONING HIM AS HIS OWN BIOLOGICAL MOTHER DI

D. 【R7】_____. NOW IT SEEMS AS THOUGH HE HAS TO START OVER;HIS PROTESTING MAY GIVE WAY TO DESPAIR AS HE YEARNS FOR PEOPLE WHO USED TO BE IN HIS LIF

E. THE ADOPTIVE FAMILY SHOULD OFFER AS MUCH AFFECTION AND SECURITY AS POSSIBLE TO REASSURE THE CHILD THAT HE IS SAFE, THAT THEY ARE RELIABLE SOURCES OF LOVING CARE,AND THAT THEY WILL HELP HIM THROUGH THIS DIFFICULT STAG

E. 【R8】_____. ALTHOUGH HE MAY NOT MIND THE ACTUAL SEPARATION FROM HIS MOTHER WHEN HE GOES TO PLAYSCHOOL OR DAY CARE,HE MAY BECOME OBSESSED ABOUT THE TIME WHEN HIS MOTHER IS SUPPOSED TO PICK HIM UP AT DAY CARE OR KINDERGARTEN;TARDINESS MAY PROVOKE FEARS ABOUT CAR ACCIDENTS OR DEAT

H. ON THE OTHER HAND,SOME PSYCHOLOGISTS BELIEVE THAT A CHILD WHO IS GIVEN MORE AFFECTION IS SOMETIMES MORE STRONGLY ATTACHED TO THEIR PARENTS AND THEREFORE MORE PRONE TO SEPARATION ANXIETY THAN ARE SOME OF THOSE WHO ARE TREATED MORE ROUGHLY. 【R9】_____. ON THE CONTRARY, THE CAPACITY TO EXPERIENCE SEPARATION ANXIETY CAN BE REGARDED AS A SIGN OF THE HEALTHY PERSONALITY. 【R10】_____. A. A SAFE,LOVING ENVIRONMENT IS ANOTHER NECESSARY COMPONENT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HEALTHY SELF-CONCEPT.

B. FOR INFANTS ADOPTED AT BIRTH,THE EFFECT MAY BE MINIMAL,FOR THE INFANT HAS OFTEN HAD NO OPPORTUNITY TO BOND WITH THE BIOLOGICAL MOTHER.

C. SINCE SUCH "DEPENDENCE" IN THE WELL-LOVED CHILD IS OUTGROWN AND LATER PROVIDES THE BASIS FOR A STABLE INDEPENDENCE, IT WOULD BE A MISTAKE TO SUPPOSE IT TO BE PATHOLOGICAL.

D. ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT INVOLVES HIS RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS MOTHER.

E. WHAT,THEN,EFFECT DOES ADOPTION HAVE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HEALTHY SENSE OF SELF?

F. HIS TRANSITION TO LIVING IN AN ADOPTIVE HOME MAY BE DIFFICULT AS HE ADJUSTS TO NEW SURROUNDINGS AND CAREGIVERS BECAUSE,BY THE AGE OF 18 MONTHS,HE HAS ALREADY BEGUN TO DEVELOP A SENSE OF SELF IN RE LATION TO OTHERS.

G. DESPITE THESE ACTIONS,SOMETIMES A CHILD MAY CONTINUE TO SUFFER FROM SEPARATION ANXIETY.

H. ANYTHING THAT INTERRUPTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THESE IMPORTANT SKILLS MAY INTERFERE WITH DEVELOPING A HEALTHY SELF-CONCEPT.

I. CONSIDER A TODDLER ADOPTED AT THE AGE OF 18 MONTHS WHO HAS LIVED IN THE SAME FOSTER HOME SINCE BIRT

H.

J. AN ADOPTED CHILD, THEN,HAS AT LEAST AN AVERAGE CHANCE OF SUCCESSFUL INDIVIDUATION,ASSUMING HE IS ADOPTED BY LOVING PARENTS.

【R3】

DURING THE NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF SELF, A CHILD IS AFFECTED BY CERTAIN INFLUENTIAL FACTORS. 【R1】_____.INFANTS FORM. AN ATTACHMENT WITH THE MOTHER THAT MUST UNDERGO A PROCESS OF SEPARATION AND INDIVIDUATION OBJECT RELATIONS PSYCHOLOGY EXAMINES THIS RELATIONSHIP,WHICH DEPENDS ON THE ABILITY OF THE CHILD TO SEPARATE HIMSELF FROM HIS OBJECT, THE MOTHER, AND REALIZE THAT HE IS A SEPARATE INDIVIDUAL. 【R2】_____. CERTAINLY, AFFECTIONATE, CARING PARENTS ARE ESSENTIAL AS WELL. AS THE CHILD BEGINS TO DEVELOP HIS SENSE OF SELF, HE MUST MASTER CERTAIN DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS THAT ARE PART OF GROWING UP,SUCH AS ACQUISITION OF LANGUAGE AND TOILET TRAININ

G. 【R3】_____. 【R4】_____. SINCE AN INFANT"S RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS MOTHER IS SO IMPORTANT,ACCORDING TO MANY PSYCHOLOGISTS, WHAT EFFECT DOES BEING SEPARATED FROM THE BIOLOGICAL MOTHER HAVE ON THE ADOPTED CHILD? 【R5】_____. BUT WHAT ABOUT A CHILD WHO IS OLDER WHEN HE IS ADOPTED? 【R6】_____. WHEN HE IS PLACED WITH AN ADOPTIVE FAMILY, HE IS LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE SEPARATION ANXIETY FROM HIS FOSTER MOTHER, WHO CAN BE REGARDED AS SYMBOLICALLY ABANDONING HIM AS HIS OWN BIOLOGICAL MOTHER DI

D. 【R7】_____. NOW IT SEEMS AS THOUGH HE HAS TO START OVER;HIS PROTESTING MAY GIVE WAY TO DESPAIR AS HE YEARNS FOR PEOPLE WHO USED TO BE IN HIS LIF

E. THE ADOPTIVE FAMILY SHOULD OFFER AS MUCH AFFECTION AND SECURITY AS POSSIBLE TO REASSURE THE CHILD THAT HE IS SAFE, THAT THEY ARE RELIABLE SOURCES OF LOVING CARE,AND THAT THEY WILL HELP HIM THROUGH THIS DIFFICULT STAG

E. 【R8】_____. ALTHOUGH HE MAY NOT MIND THE ACTUAL SEPARATION FROM HIS MOTHER WHEN HE GOES TO PLAYSCHOOL OR DAY CARE,HE MAY BECOME OBSESSED ABOUT THE TIME WHEN HIS MOTHER IS SUPPOSED TO PICK HIM UP AT DAY CARE OR KINDERGARTEN;TARDINESS MAY PROVOKE FEARS ABOUT CAR ACCIDENTS OR DEAT

H. ON THE OTHER HAND,SOME PSYCHOLOGISTS BELIEVE THAT A CHILD WHO IS GIVEN MORE AFFECTION IS SOMETIMES MORE STRONGLY ATTACHED TO THEIR PARENTS AND THEREFORE MORE PRONE TO SEPARATION ANXIETY THAN ARE SOME OF THOSE WHO ARE TREATED MORE ROUGHLY. 【R9】_____. ON THE CONTRARY, THE CAPACITY TO EXPERIENCE SEPARATION ANXIETY CAN BE REGARDED AS A SIGN OF THE HEALTHY PERSONALITY. 【R10】_____. A. A SAFE,LOVING ENVIRONMENT IS ANOTHER NECESSARY COMPONENT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HEALTHY SELF-CONCEPT.

B. FOR INFANTS ADOPTED AT BIRTH,THE EFFECT MAY BE MINIMAL,FOR THE INFANT HAS OFTEN HAD NO OPPORTUNITY TO BOND WITH THE BIOLOGICAL MOTHER.

C. SINCE SUCH "DEPENDENCE" IN THE WELL-LOVED CHILD IS OUTGROWN AND LATER PROVIDES THE BASIS FOR A STABLE INDEPENDENCE, IT WOULD BE A MISTAKE TO SUPPOSE IT TO BE PATHOLOGICAL.

D. ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT INVOLVES HIS RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS MOTHER.

E. WHAT,THEN,EFFECT DOES ADOPTION HAVE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HEALTHY SENSE OF SELF?

F. HIS TRANSITION TO LIVING IN AN ADOPTIVE HOME MAY BE DIFFICULT AS HE ADJUSTS TO NEW SURROUNDINGS AND CAREGIVERS BECAUSE,BY THE AGE OF 18 MONTHS,HE HAS ALREADY BEGUN TO DEVELOP A SENSE OF SELF IN RE LATION TO OTHERS.

G. DESPITE THESE ACTIONS,SOMETIMES A CHILD MAY CONTINUE TO SUFFER FROM SEPARATION ANXIETY.

H. ANYTHING THAT INTERRUPTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THESE IMPORTANT SKILLS MAY INTERFERE WITH DEVELOPING A HEALTHY SELF-CONCEPT.

I. CONSIDER A TODDLER ADOPTED AT THE AGE OF 18 MONTHS WHO HAS LIVED IN THE SAME FOSTER HOME SINCE BIRT

H.

J. AN ADOPTED CHILD, THEN,HAS AT LEAST AN AVERAGE CHANCE OF SUCCESSFUL INDIVIDUATION,ASSUMING HE IS ADOPTED BY LOVING PARENTS.

Which one of the following statements concerning approaches for the budget development process is correct?关于预算编制流程的表述中，下列哪一项是正确的？

A.The top-down approach to budgeting will not ensure adherence to strategic organizational goals. 自上而下的预算编制方法不会保证战略性的组织目标得到很好贯彻

B.To prevent ambiguity, once departmental budgeted goals have been developed, they should remain fixed even if the sales forecast upon which they are based proves to be wrong in the middle of the fiscal year.为了防止捉摸不定，一旦设定了部门预算指标，这些指标就该保持不变，哪怕先前 引以为据的销售预测在年度中间发现是错误的。

C.With the information technology available, the role of budgets as an organizational communication device has declined.鉴于信息技术的便利，预算作为组织沟通协调手段的作用已经式微

D.Since department managers have the most detailed knowledge about organizational operations, they should use this information as the building blocks of the operating budget.鉴于部门经理对各 该部门营运的细节最为了解，应该利用他们掌握的信息作为编制经营预算的基础

According to the text, which is the most probable result of the development of space tourism?

A．It is mainly taken by US software developers such as Charles Simonyi.

B．It need the development of new rocket systems to replace the current one.

C．It brings to a new round of space race between US and China.

D．It witnesses the success of the industrialization of the moon.

What is the role of the 4th paragraph in the development of the passage?

A．To show that people don't ask for much about their dream job.

B．To show that most people in America are satisfied with their jobs.

C．To offer supporting evidence to the preceding paragraph.

D．To provide a contrast to the preceding paragraphs.

What is the role of the 4th paragraph in the development of the topic?

A．To show how to use an eye chart in an unordinary way.

B．To show that the regular eye chart is not properly designed.

C．To offer supporting evidence to the preceding paragraphs.

D．To provide a contrast to the preceding paragraphs.