Process-oriented theories emphasizes the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place.

Two divergent definitions have dominated sociologists’

discussions of the nature of ethnicity. The first emphasizes

the primordial and unchanging character of ethnicity. In

this view, people have an essential need for belonging that

(5) is satisfied by membership in groups based on shared

ancestry and culture. A different conception of ethnicity

de-emphasizes the cultural component and defines ethnic

groups as interest groups. In this view, ethnicity serves as

a way of mobilizing a certain population behind issues

(10) relating to its economic position. While both of these

definitions are useful, neither fully captures the dynamic

and changing aspects of ethnicity in the United States.

Rather, ethnicity is more satisfactorily conceived of as a

process in which preexisting communal bonds and common

(15) cultural attributes are adapted for instrumental purposes

according to changing real-life situations.

One example of this process is the rise of participation

by Native American people in the broader United States

political system since the Civil Rights movement of the

(20)1960’s. Besides leading Native Americans to participate

more actively in politics (the number of Native American

legislative officeholders more than doubled), this movement

also evoked increased interest in tribal history and traditional

culture. Cultural and instrumental components of

(25 )ethnicity are not mutually exclusive, but rather reinforce

one another.

The Civil Rights movement also brought changes in the

uses to which ethnicity was put by Mexican American

people. In the 1960’s, Mexican Americans formed

(30) community-based political groups that emphasized ancestral

heritage as a way of mobilizing constituents. Such emerg-

ing issues as immigration and voting rights gave Mexican

American advocacy groups the means by which to promote

ethnic solidarity. Like European ethnic groups in the

(35) nineteenth-century United States, late-twentieth-century

Mexican American leaders combined ethnic with contem-

porary civic symbols. In 1968 Henry Censors, then mayor

of San Antonio, Texas, cited Mexican leader Benito Juarez

as a model for Mexican Americans in their fight for con-

(40) temporary civil rights. And every year, Mexican Americans

celebrate Cinco de Mayo as fervently as many Irish

American people embrace St. Patrick’s Day (both are major

holidays in the countries of origin), with both holidays

having been reinvented in the context of the United States

and linked to ideals, symbols, and heroes of the United

States

Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?

A．In their definitions of the nature of ethnicity, sociologists have underestimated the power of the primordial human need to belong.

B．Ethnicity is best defined as a dynamic process that combines cultural components with shared political and economic interests.

C．In the United States in the twentieth century, ethnic groups have begun to organize in order to further their political and economic interests.

D．Ethnicity in the United States has been significantly changed by the Civil Rights movement.

E．The two definitions of ethnicity that have dominated sociologists discussions are incompatible and should be replaced by an entirely new approach.

The nature of work is changing. Recent technological advances, a shift from manufacturing to service-based organizations, increased global competition, and the importance of knowledge workers all have contributed to a dynamic and complex work environment. To survive, organizations must embrace flexibility and adaptability. They must have a systems view that help them to integrate the meaning of common everyday【M1】______ occurrences into overall interrelationships, interdependencies, and patterns of change to allow them to achieve this needed adaptability. Very often, organizations accompany these goals【M2】______ through the implementation of teams. A team is a collective of dependent individuals who together【M3】______ have shared objectives, mental models, and procedures that guide their perceptions, thinking, and behaviors toward a common goal. The process which teams achieve this commonality is called【M4】______ collaboration. Dissimilarly, cooperation has been discussed as a【M5】______ team skill competency that includes offering help to those team members who need it, pacing activities to fit the needs of the team, and behaving so that actions are not misinterpreted. Collective organizations immerse themselves to the virtues of collaboration【M6】______ and cooperation by reducing the hierarchy of social stratification on which traditional bureaucratic organizations rely. However,【M7】______ they encourage decisions to be made by the collective group to foster a sense of community and shared purpose. Cooperation and teamwork facilitate coordination, communication, adaptability, enhance employee participation, and empowerment, thereby【M8】______ allowing individuals to achieve collective outputs that are greater than the sum of their parts. Organizations continue to depend on teams and the synergy they engender to assist at streamlining work【M9】______ processes that promote efficiency, the increased innovation, and【M10】______ quality of products and services.

【M1】

（71) analysis emphasizes the drawing of pictorial system models to document and validate both existing and/or proposed systems. Ultimately, the system models become the （72）fordesigning and constructing an improved system. （73）is such a technique. The emphasis in this technique is process-centered. Systems analysts draw a series of processmodels called（74）. （75)is another such technique that integrates data and processconcerns into constructs called objects.

（71）

A. Prototyping

B. Accelerated

C. Model-driven

D. Iterative

（72）

A.image

B. picture

C. layout

D. blueprint

（73）

A. Structured analysis

B. Information Engineering

C. Discovery Prototyping

D. Object-Oriented analysis

（74）

A.PERT

B. DFD

C. ERD

D. UML

（75）

A. Structured analysis

B. Information Engineering

C. Discovery Prototyping

D. Object-Oriented analysis

（71) analysis emphasizes the drawing of pictorial system models to document and validate both existing and/or proposed systems. Ultimately, the system models become the （72）fordesigning and constructing an improved system. （73）is such a technique. The emphasis in this technique is process-centered. Systems analysts draw a series of processmodels called（74）. （75)is another such technique that integrates data and processconcerns into constructs called objects.

（71）

A. Prototyping

B. Accelerated

C. Model-driven

D. Iterative

（72）

A.image

B. picture

C. layout

D. blueprint

（73）

A. Structured analysis

B. Information Engineering

C. Discovery Prototyping

D. Object-Oriented analysis

（74）

A.PERT

B. DFD

C. ERD

D. UML

（75）

A. Structured analysis

B. Information Engineering

C. Discovery Prototyping

D. Object-Oriented analysis

Traditional structured analysis techniques focus upon the flow of(1)within a system. Object-oriented analysis emphasizes the building of real-world models, It examines requirements from the perspective of the classes and objects found in the vocabulary of the(2)domain.Traditional system design method emphasizes the proper and effective structure of a complex system. Object-oriented design method encompasses the process of object- oriented decomposition and a(3)for depicting both logical and physical as well as static and dynamic models of the system under design.Object-oriented programming is a method of implementation in which programs are organized as cooperative collections of objects, each of which represents an(4)of some class, and whose classes are all members of a hierarchy of classes united via(5)relationships.

A．control

B．program

C．data

D．reference

●Traditional structured analysis techniques focus upon the flow of(71)within a system Object-oriented analysis emphasizes the building of real-world models It examines requirements from the perspective of the classes and objects found in the vocabulary of the(72)domain

Traditional system design method emphasizes the proper and effective structure of a complex systemObject-oriented design method encompasses the process of object-oriented decomposition and a(73)for depicting both logical and physical as well as static and dynamic models of the system under design

Object-oriented programming is a method of implementation in which programs are organized as cooperative collections of objects, each of which represents an(74)of some class, and whose classes are all members of a hierarchy of classes united via(75)relationships

(71)A.control B.program C.data D.reference

(72)A.problem B.solution C.data D.program

(73)A.mark B.picture C.symbol D.notation

(74)A.instance B.example C.existence D.implementation

(75)A.control B.inheritance C.inference D.connection

Traditional structured analysis techniques focus upon the flow of(71)within a system. Object - oriented analysis emphasizes the building of real - world models. It examines requirements from the perspective of the classes and objects found in the vocabulary of the(72)domain.

Traditional system design method emphasizes the proper and effective structure of a complex system. Object -oriented design method encompasses the process of object -oriented decomposition and a(73)for depicting both logical and physical as well as static and dynamic models of the system under design.

Object - oriented programming is a method of implementation in which programs are organized as cooperative collections of objects, each of which represents an(74)of some class, and whose classes are all members of a hierarchy of classes united via(75)relationships.

A．control

B．program

C．data

D．reference

The core of the Natural Approach is ______ which is considered a subconscious process.

A. language learning

B. linguistic competence

C. linguistic capacity

D. language acquisition

The core of the Natural Approach is ______ which is considered a subconscious process.

A．language learning

B．linguistic competence

C．linguistic capacity

D．language acquisition