The income effect in the work-leisure model induces a person to work less in response to higher wages, which tends to make the labor-supply curve slope backward

Section A

You’d imagine that asking people to rate themselves on a ten point scale in response to the question "In general, how happy or unhappy do you usually feel?" would only lead to wild inaccuracies.【46】But when scientists compare such basic measures to a full-blown psychological assessment, the results are fairly consistent. It would seem we' re rather good judges of our happiness, and this fact has allowed the use of simple questionnaires and interviews to survey more than a 'million people across many nations.

【47】It’s also quite clear that happiness isn’t just some whimsical concept dreamt up in the 1960s by the hippies and advertising agencies. Richard Davidson at Wisconsin University monitored electrical activity in the brain to show how a highly attractive photograph causes a particular portion of our left hemisphere to illuminate, while a horrific photo stimulates our right side. Indeed, people prone in general to more of this left-portion activity tend to score higher on all counts of good mood, whereas right-siders are decidedly gloomy. The same is true for new-born babies.

【48】What’s more, it seems likely that around 50 per cent of our characteristic level of happiness is an inherited factor. This can be estimated because in 1996, Lykken and Tellegen at Minnesota University compared 663 pairs of identical twins. A further 69 pairs were identical twins who had been reared apart, yet these twins still showed at least a 50 per cent similarity in their self-reported happiness, a far higher percentage than the non-identical twins. Strong evidence indeed that we probably have a genetically predetermined set range. But we should remind ourselves that, as in all aspects of biological inheritance, our genetic potential needs the right environment if it is to unfurl in accordance with our DNA blueprints. So learning to live regularly in the upper end of your happiness set-range is where skill and know-how can pay dividends. How well you play the hand you' re dealt could account for a great deal.

And there are other reasons to feel we have everything to play for. For instance, the surveys show that no stage of life is inherently any happier than another, despite everything our parents told us about our school and college days. If anything, life feels better as you get older.【49】Moreover , intelligence as measured by IQ tests is a very poor predictor of life success or happiness. And there’s little if any difference between male and female average self-ratings, though women are more prone to intense swings. The bottom line is, life feeling good pays no heed to age, IQ or gender. It’s open to all-comers.

Trouble is, we don’t always know how to generate wholesome, renewable happiness, and sometimes our default response is to reach for the quick-fix, in one form. or another.【50】Yet, we shouldn’t forget that feeling miserable is most often a healthy response, simply nature’s way of telling us to make important improvements. So here’s our chance to cultivate home-grown, evergreen , deeply rooted happiness, without the hangovers.

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In the introductory chapter of her book, Anyon shares a personal story involving her father. Anyons brief discussion of her familys long history of involvement in radical social and political activism, and her commitment to anti-oppressive pedagogy, offers readers important insights into her social and political convictions. Toward the end of the chapter, Anyon explains that she sees her new book as a form. of "intervention" and struggle against social injustices. Anyon begins her book by examining the impact of macroeconomic policies including minimum wage, tax policies, housing, job training, educational policies and reform. initiatives. She argues that student underachievement, unequal funding of public schools and the high dropout rate among working class students and students of color are linked to macroeconomic policies that work toward maintaining and reproducing social inequities. She believes that the success of school reform. efforts depends in part on reforming macroeconomic policies at the state and federal level.

Manners are important to happy relations among people. Everyone likes a person with good manners. No one likes a person with bad manners. But what are good manners? How does one know what to do and what not to do?

Well, here are some examples.

A person with good manners never laughs at people when they are in trouble. Instead, he tried to help them. He is always kind to others. When people are waiting for a bus, he takes his mm. He does not push to the front of the line. On the bus he gives his seat to an older person or a person with a very young child. If he knocks into someone, or gets in his way, he says "Excuse me" or "I'm sorry".

He says "Please" when he asks for something and "Thank you' when he receives something. He stands up when he is speaking to an older person, and he does not sit down until the other person takes his seat. He does not interrupt other people what they are talking. He does not talk too much. He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public.

When he is eating, he does not speak with his mouth full of food. He uses handkerchief when he sneezes or coughs. He does not spit in public.

Ideas of what are good manners are not always the same in different countries. But in all countries it is important to be kind and helpful.

A person with good manners is popular with others because______.

A．he will do what he is asked to do

B．he knows what to do and what not to do on different occasions

C．he is always saying good words to others

D．he can make others know what good manners are

听力原文： Many people use the term career to mean the job, occupation, or vocation a person has. However, a career involves much more than a job, an occupation, or a vocation. A career is the pattern of work and work-related activities that develops throughout a lifetime. It includes the job or series of jobs a person has until retirement. There are as many kinds of careers as there are people. They vary greatly in the type of work involved and in the ways they influence a person's life.

Almost every adult has a career of some kind. Most people build a career to help them satisfy certain goals. Such goals might include earning a living or helping others. The best-known career pattern develops around work for pay. Most workers in such a career hold a job to support themselves and their family. However, some people build a career around activities for which they receive no money. For example, many people work to create a comfortable home life for their family. Others spend much of their time on charitable projects.

The kind of career you have can affect your life in many ways. For example, it can determine where you live and the friends you make. It can reflect how much education you have and can determine the amount of money you earn. Your career can also affect the way you feel about yourself and the way other people act toward you. By making wise decisions concerning your career, you can help yourself build the life you want.

15.According to the passage, what is the definition of career?

16.What is the main purpose of a career?

17.Which of the following is true according to the passage?

18.What is brought out by making wise decisions about your career?

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A．It is a job you do in your life.

B．It is the pattern of work and work-related activities throughout a lifetime.

C．It is a job you do during a certain period of time.

D．It is a job you do in your spare time.