There are different methods used for extinguishing different types of fires, but the most common way is to deprive the fire of oxygen with the use of a fire .

It is a well-known fact that there are constant conflicts among different groups of people, and that people tend to blame their misfortunes on some outside other groups for their misfortunes. What are the causes of group prejudice? There seems to be little doubt that one of the principal causes of prejudice is fear: in particular the fear that the interests of our own group are going to be endangered by the actions of another. This is less likely to be the case in a stable, relatively unchanging society in which the members of different social and occupational groups know what to expect of each other, and know what to expect for themselves. In times of rapid social and economic change, however, new occupations and new social roles appear, and people start looking jealously at each other to see whether their own group is being left behind.

Once prejudice develops, it is hard to stop, because there are often social forces at work which actively encourage unfounded attitudes of hostility and fear towards other groups. One such force is education: we all know that children can be taught history in such a way as to perpetuate old hatreds and old prejudices between racial and political groups. Another social influence that has to be reckoned with is the pressure of public opinion. People often think and act differently in groups from the way that they would do as individuals; it takes a considerable effort of will, and often calls for great courage, to stand out against one's fellows and insist they are wrong.

Why is it that we hear so much more about the failures of relationships between communities than we do about the successes? I am afraid it is partly due to the increase in communications which radio, television and the popular press have brought about. In those countries where the media of mass communication are commercial enterprises, they tend to measure success by the size of their audience; and people are more likely to buy a newspaper, for instance, if their attention is caught by something dramatic, something sensational, or something that arouses their anxiety. The popular press flourishes on "scare headlines", and popular orators, especially if they are politicians addressing a relatively unsophisticated audience, know that the best way to arouse such an audience is to frighten them.

Where there is a real or imaginary threat to economic security, this is especially likely to inflame group prejudice. It is important to remember economic factors if we wish to lessen group prejudice, because unless they are dealt with squarely it will be little use simply persuading people not to be prejudiced against other groups whom they see as their rivals, if not their enemies.

Which of the following is NOT the source for prejudice between groups?

A．The tendency to blame misfortunes on some outside groups.

B．Fear of the interests of one's own group being threatened.

C．Longstanding hatreds prevailing between racial and political groups.

D．Social forces which encourage unfounded attitudes of hostility towards other groups.

There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) ___.

A.derivational morpheme

B. free morpheme

C. inflectional morpheme

D. Free form

A、It shows chain of command, hierarchies in an organization

B、It illustrates a series of steps in a procedure, decision, or other “stepwise” process

C、It shows how percentages relate to each other within a whole

D、It compares data in two dimensions

Educationists are still arguing about______.

A．the values of different types of reading materials

B．whether books should be respected or not

C．whether the reading of newspapers is mentally weakening our intellectual ability

D．whether the information on books and newspapers is reliable

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:

Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people aresimilar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision. In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are atleast customary and undisputed.

Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently　and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the nonmaterial, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements　rather than in the complex ones; in form. rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements. 

Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it　comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp dichotomies ( 一分为二). This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,　because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts. 

36.What kind of society tends to promote social changes? 

A) A society where people are similar in many ways. 

B) A society where there are only white people. 

C) A society where there are only black people.

D) A society where there is a mixture of different kinds of people. 

37.In a mixed society, there may be disagreement in ____.

A) ideas            C) beliefs

B) interests              D) all of the above

38.Which of the following is not true, according to the passage?

A) Social change is more likely to occur in the material aspect of society.

B) Social change is less likely to occur in what people learned when they were old. 

C) Disagreement with and argument about conditions tend to promote social change.

D) Social change tends to meet with more difficulty in basic and emotional aspects of society. 

39.Social change is less likely to occur in a society where people are quite similar in many ways because ____.

A) people there are easy to please

B) people there are less argumentary

C) people there have got so accustomed to their conditions that they seldom think it necessary to change

D) people there have same needs that can be satisfied without much difficulty 

40.The passage is mainly discussing ____. 

A) two different societies

B) certain factors that determine the case with which social change oc curs

C) the necessity of social change 

D) the significance of social change