Which of the following means heart pain？

Which of the following, if true, most supports the mouthwash company's defense that its advertisement promotes greater public health?

A．Since the dental floss company is protesting the advertisement only to protect its own economic self-interest, it cannot be seen as representing greater public health.

B．Greater public health is best served if people use both mouthwash and dental floss, a combination that has been shown to be more effective than either method used alone.

C．Many people object to flossing because it is painful and causes their gums to bleed.

D．Since, on average, people are twice as likely to use mouthwash regularly as to floss regularly, the advertisement will increase the number of people who take effective action against gum disease, a serious public health problem.

E．Gum disease has been proven to have links with the early onset of heart disease, one of the top three threats to public health in terms of mortality.

According to Matthew Walker, which of the following cannot be inferred from the findings?

A．Insufficient sleep will hinder a person from having a good interpersonal relationship.

B．People from developed countries tend more easily to take friends as foes than people from developing countries.

C．When you get not enough sleep recently, your heart rates become abnormal to recognize friendly faces.

D．REM sleep tends to help people get relieved from their painful memories.

Symptoms

Symptoms often appear after the child reaches the age of six months. One of the first signs is painful swelling of the hands or the feet or both. The child may cry frequently and not eat much. The whites of the eyes may appear yellow. The tongue, lips, and palms may be paler than normal. Children showing these symptoms should be taken to a hospital, where a blood test can show if the problem is sickle-cell anemia.

When sickle cells, clog blood vessels, pain most commonly affects the joints. A severe crisis can also disrupt the work of the brain, the lungs, the heart, the kidneys, and the spleen — sometimes with fatal consequences. Leg ulcers in the ankle region may persist for years. Children risk seizures or strokes. Those with sickle-cell anemia are especially prone to infectious diseases, since the disorder weakens natural defenses. Infection is a common cause of death.

Of course, not everyone with sickle-cell anemia develops all these symptoms. And some do not experience problems until they reach their late teens.

Treatment

Many parents have wasted both time and money pursuing treatments that promised a cure for their children. But presently there is no cure for sickle-cell anemia; it is a lifelong disorder. There are, however, simple things that can be done to minimize the frequency of crises, and there are ways to deal with them when they happen.

When a crisis occurs, parents should give their child plenty of water to drink. They can also give a mild pain-relieving drug. Severe pain may require stronger drugs that can be obtained only from a doctor. Sadly, though, sometimes even powerful drugs bring little relief. There is no need to panic, however. In almost all cases, after a few hours or days, the pain subsides and the patient recovers.

Scientists are searching for drugs to help treat the disorder. Early in 1995, for example, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in the United States announced that the drug hydroxyurea reduced by half the frequency of painful crises in sickle-cell patients. It is thought to do this by preventing red blood cells from changing their shape and clogging the blood vessels.

Such drugs are not readily available everywhere, nor are they helpful in every situation. And despite the well-known dangers, doctors in Africa and elsewhere regularly administer blood transfusions to treat sickle-cell patients in emergency situations.

When a crisis Strikes, pain will most probably affect______.

A．knees

B．palms

C．eyes

D．lungs

Stomach Ulcer

Stomach ulcers are the cause of severe pain for many people．Doctors have been able to help lessen the pain of ulcers．They could not cure them．Now doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers．This means they may have found a way to cure people who suffer from the stomach pain． Studies show that ten percent of the population will develop an ulcer at some time in their life．So a possible cure is good news for many people．

Ulcers are wounds in the stomach that are similar to small cuts or tears．These wounds can harm the tissue in the stomach，the pipe that carries the food to the stomach or parts of the small intestines．Fluids in the stomach then increase the pain of an ulcer． How does a person know he or she has an ulcer? Doctors say most people with ulcers feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach．This pain often is called heart burn．It usually happens before eating or during the night．It causes some people to lose their desire to eat，or they are unable to keep food in their stomachs．Doctors believed that ulcers were caused by unusually strong stomach fluids，which damaged stomach tissue． Now they have discovered that most ulcers are caused by a bacterial organism called Hillico Bactor Pilorie or H Pillorie．

H Pillorie baeteria are what make stomach produce extra stomach fluid．Doctors found that they can kill the bacteria with medicines called antibiotics．Health experts say the discovery of a cure for ulcers can save thousands of millions of dollars in medical costs．They also believe curing ulcers will reduce the number of people who develop stomach cancer．The number of people with stomach cancer is very high in Japan，Southeast Asia and parts of Africa．

Doctors say a person is more likely to get an ulcer if his or her family has had one． In fact a person with the family history of ulcer is three times more likely to get one than other people．There are ways people can protect themselves from developing an ulcer． Doctors say it is more important to reduce the amount of strong fluids in the stomach．To do this， doctors say， people should not smoke

cigarettes or drink alcohol．And they say people should reduce tension in their lives．

第 31 题 In the past，doctors could not do anything about stomach ulcers．

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

Stomach Ulcer

Stomach ulcers are the cause of severe pain for many people. Doctors have been able to help lessen the pain of ulcers. They could not cure them. Now doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers. This means they may have found a way to cure people who suffer from the stomach pain. Studies show that ten percent of the population will develop an ulcer at some time in their life. So a possible cure is good news for many people.

Ulcers are wounds in the stomach that are similar to small cuts or tears. These wounds can harm the tissue in the stomach, the pipe that carries the food to the stomach or parts of the small intestines. Fluids in the stomach then increase the pain of an ulcer. How does a person know he or she has an ulcer? Doctors say most people with ulcers feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach3. This pain often is called heartburn. It usually happens before eating or during the night. It causes some people to lose their desire to eat, or they are unable to keep food in their stomachs. Doctors believed that ulcers were caused by unusually strong stomach fluids, which damaged stomach tissue. Now they have discovered that most ulcers are caused by a bacterial organism called Hillico Bactor Pilorie or H Pilorie. H Pilorie bacteria are what make stomach produce extra stomach fluid. Doctors found that they can kill the bacteria with medicines called antibiotics. Health experts say the discovery of a cure for ulcers can save thousands of millions of dollars in medical costs. They also believe curing ulcers will reduce the number of people who develop, stomach cancer. The number of people with stomach cancer is very high in Japan, Southeast Asia and pans of Africa.

Doctors say a person is more likely to get an ulcer if someone in his or her family has had one. In fact a person with the family history of ulcers is three times more likely to get one than other people. There are ways people can protect themselves from developing an ulcer. Doctors say it is more important to reduce the amount of strong fluids in the stomach. To do this, doctors say, people should not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. And they say people should reduce tension in their lives.

In the past, doctors couldn't do anything about stomach ulcers.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

Cholesterol (胆因醇) and Heart Disease

Do you know your cholesterol level? Many people don' t. A high level of cholesterol in the blood is an important risk factor for heart disease.

Some people say that the danger of heart disease is exaggerated. However, heart disease is a main cause of death in developed countries. Every year more than one million Americans have heart attacks, and half of them die. People with heart disease suffer chest pains that make simple activities, such as walking, shaving or taking a shower, difficult.

Research has proven that cholesterol levels are connected with heart disease. One project in Massachusetts has studied the same group of men and women since 1948. The researchers have found that the people who have high levels of cholesterol have more heart attacks.

A natural substance in the blood cholesterol comes from the liver. The amount of cholesterol is affected by diet and by physical qualities we inherit from out parents. One kind of cholesterol sticks fat to the walls of arteries (动脉), making them smaller and finally blocking them. It produces a condition called "hardening of the arteries' which causes heart attacks. With tiny cameras doctors can see blood circulating through the heart valves (瓣膜). Angiograms (血管造影) are x-rays of the heart arteries. They show fat deposits and blockages caused by high cholesterol.

Heart disease begins in children as young as 3 years old. It occurs earlier in boys than in girls. Nearly half of teenagers have some fat deposits on their artery walls. Heart disease develops faster if we have high cholesterol levels and also smoke. What is a safe level of cholesterol? Adults have a high risk of heart attack ff their cholesterol level is about 240 milligrams per deciliter of blood. Below 200 is better. In the Massachusetts study, no one with a cholesterol level below 150 has ever had a heart attack. However, about half of American adults have cholesterol levels above 200.

To lower our cholesterol. level, we must change our eating habits. Anything that comes from an animal is high in fat and high in cholesterol. The American Heart Association National Cholesterol Education Program says that fat should be no more than 30 percent of our diet. Blood cholesterol levels start to fall after 2 to 3 weeks of following a low-cholesterol, low-fat diet. Dietary changes alone can result in a l0 percent reduction of the average person' s cholesterol level. Aerobic exercise helps, too. Artery blockage can be reduced by as much as 40 percent through changes in diet and amount of exercise.

We must educate everyone, including children in elementary schools. We must teach responsibility for their health through classes in nutrition and aerobic exercise. For example, the smart snack is fruit. Children must be served fruit in the school cafeteria, along with low-fat meals. Schools must send recipes (食谱) home with the children. Parents must include children in planning and preparing meals and shopping for food.

Adults, including persons over the age of 65, can lower their cholesterol by 30 to 40 per cent. It is never too late to change. One man began his health program when he was seventy three. By the time he was seventy-seven, he had lowered his arterial blockage from 50 percent to 13 percent and his cholesterol from 320 to 145 without drugs. He went on a vegetarian diet with only 10 percent fat, plus programs to reduce stress and get more exercise.

A low-cholesterol diet that cuts out most animal products and high-fat vegetables may be unfamiliar to people. The Heart Association says that people should use no added fat of any kind. Don' t fry food in oil. Cook it in water, vinegar, or vegetable water. Learn about grains and vegetables. Avoid egg yolks (the yellow part of the egg). Eat tomatoes, beans, low-fat

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

Task 2

Directions: This task is the same as Task 1. The 5 questions or unfinished statements are numbered 41 through 45.

Human cloning(克隆) technology could be used to reverse heart attacks. Scientists believe that they may be able to treat heart attack victims by cloning their healthy heart cells and injecting them into the areas of the heart that have been damaged, and other problems may be solved if human cloning and its technology are not forbidden.

--With cloning, infertile couples could have children. Current treatments for infertility, in terms of percentage (百分比), are not very successful. Couples go through physically and emotionally painful procedures for a small chance of having children. Many couples run out of time and money without successfully having children. Human cloning could make it possible for many more infertile couples to have children than ever before.

--We should be able to clone the bone marrow(骨髓) for children and adults suffering from leukemia (白血病), This is expected to be one of the first benefits to come from cloning technology.

--We may learn how to switch cells on and off through cloning and thus be able to cure cancer.

--Cloning technology can be used to test for and perhaps cure gene-related diseases.

The above is just a few examples of what human cloning technology can do for mankind. This new technology promises unprecedented advancement in medicine if people will release their fears and let the benefits begin.

Heart attacks can be treated with human cloning technology by ______.

A．moving the damaged part of the heart

B．replacing the old heart with a cloned one

C．repairing the heart with cells cloned from healthy ones

D．giving the patients injections of various medicines

Cholesterol and Heart Disease

Do you know your cholesterol level? Many people don't. A high level of cholesterol in the blood is an important risk factor for heart disease.

Some people say that the danger of heart disease is exaggerated. However, heart disease is a main cause of death in developed countries. Every year more than one million Americans have heart attacks, and half of them die. People with heart disease suffer chest pains that make simple activities, such as walking, shaving, or taking a shower, difficult.

Research has proven that cholesterol levels are connected with heart disease. One project in Massachusetts has studied the same group of men and women since 1948. The researchers have found that the people who have high levels of cholesterol have more heart attacks.

A natural substance in the blood, cholesterol comes from the liver. The amount of cholesterol is affected by diet and by physical qualities we inherit from our parents. One kind of cholesterol sticks fat to the walls of arteries, making them smaller and finally blocking them. It produces a condition called "hardening of the arteries," which causes heart attacks. With tiny cameras, doctors can see blood circulating through the heart valves. Angiograms (血管造影照片) are x-rays of the heart arteries.

They show fat deposits and blockages caused by high cholesterol. Heart disease begins in children as young as 3 years old. It occurs earlier in boys than in girls. Nearly half of teenagers have some fat deposits on their artery walls. Heart disease develops faster if we have high cholesterol levels and also smoke.

What is a safe level of cholesterol? Adults have a high risk of heart attack if their cholesterol level is above 240 milligrams per deciliter (1/10 公升) of blood. Below-200 is better. In the Massachusetts study, no one with a cholesterol level below 150 has ever had a heart attack. However, about half of American adults have cholesterol levels above 200.

To lower our cholesterol level, we must change our eating habits. Anything that comes from an animal is high in fat and high in cholesterol. The American Heart Association National Cholesterol Education Program says that fat should be no more than 30 percent of our diet. Blood cholesterol levels start to fall after 2 to 3 weeks of following a low-cholesterol, low-fat diet. Dietary changes alone can result in a 10 percent reduction of the average person's cholesterol level. Aerobic exercise helps, too. Artery blockage can be reduced by as much as 40 percent through changes in diet and amount of exercise.

We must educate everyone, including children in elementary schools. We must teach them responsibility for their health through classes in nutrition and aerobic exercise. For example, the smart snack is fruit. Children must be served fruit in the school cafeteria, along with low-fat meals. Schools must send recipes home with the children. Parents must include children in planning and preparing meals and shopping for food.

Adults, including persons over the age of sixty five, can lower their cholesterol by 30 or 40 percent. It is never too late to change. One man began his health program when he was seventy: three. By the time he was seventy-seven, he had lowered his arterial blockage from 50 percent to 13 percent and his cholesterol from 320 to 145 without drugs. He went on a vegetarian diet with only 10 percent fat, plus programs to reduce stress and get more exercise.

A low-cholesterol diet that cuts out most animal products and high-fat vegetables may be unfamiliar to people. The Heart Association says to use no added fat of any kind. Don't fry food in oil. Cook it in water, vinegar, or vegetable water. Learn about grains and vegetables. Avoid egg yolks (the yellow-part of the egg). Eat potatoes, beans, low-fat vegetables, and fruit. Peop

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

Cholesterol and Heart Disease

Do you know your cholesterol level? Many people don't. A high level of cholesterol in the blood is an important risk factor for heart disease.

Some people say that the danger of heart disease is exaggerated. However, heart disease is a main cause of death in developed countries. Every year more than one million Americans have heart attacks, and half of them die. People with heart disease suffer chest pains that make simple activities, such as walking, shaving, or taking a shower, difficult.

Research has proven that cholesterol levels are connected with heart disease. One project in Massachusetts has studied the same group of men and women since 1948. The researchers have found that the people who have high levels of cholesterol have more heart attacks.

A natural substance in the blood, cholesterol comes from the liver. The amount of cholesterol is affected by diet and by physical qualities we inherit from our parents. One kind of cholesterol sticks fat to the wails of arteries, making them smaller and finally blocking them. It produces a condition called "hardening Of the arteries," which causes heart attacks. With tiny cameras, doctors can see blood circulating through the heart valves. Angiograms(血管造影照片) are x-rays of the heart arteries. They show fat deposits and blockages caused by high cholesterol.

Heart disease begins in children as young as 3 years old. It occurs earlier in boys than in girls. Nearly half of teenagers have some fat deposits on their artery walls. Heart disease develops faster if we have high cholesterol levels and also smoke. What is a safe level of cholesterol? Adults have a high risk of heart attack if their cholesterol level is above 240 milligrams per deciliter(1/10公升) of blood. Below 200 is better. In the Massachusetts study, no one with a cholesterol level below-150 has ever had a heart attack. However, about half of American adults' have cholesterol levels above 200.

To lower our cholesterol level, we must change our eating habits. Anything that comes from an animal is high in fat and high in cholesterol. The American Heart Association National Cholesterol Education Program says that fat should be no more than 30 percent of our diet. Blood cholesterol levels start to fall after 2 to 3 weeks of following a low-cholesterol, low-fat diet. Dietary changes alone can result in a 10 percent reduction of the average person's cholesterol level. Aerobic exercise helps, too. Artery blockage can be reduced by as much as 40 percent through changes in diet and amount of exercise.

We must educate everyone,, including children in elementary schools. We must teach them responsibility for their health through classes in nutrition and aerobic exercise. For example, the smart snack is fruit. Children must be served fruit in the school cafeteria, along with low- fat meals. Schools must send recipes home with the children. Parents must include children in planning and preparing meals and shopping for food.

Adults, including persons over the age of sixty five, can lower their cholesterol by 30 or 40 percent. It is never too late to change. One man began his health program when he was seventy three. By the time he was seventy-seven, he had lowered his arterial blockage from 50 percent to 13 percent and his cholesterol from 320 to 145 without drugs. He went on a vegetarian diet with only 10 percent fat, plus programs to reduce stress and get more exercise.

A low-cholesterol diet that cuts out most animal products and high-fat vegetables may be unfamiliar to people. The Heart Association says to use no added fat of any kind. Don't fry food in oil. Cook it in water, vinegar, or vegetable water. Learn about grains and vegetables. Avoid egg yolks(the yellow-part of the egg). Eat Potatoes, beans, low-fat vegetables, and fruit. People often complain about low-fat d

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

Cholesterol and Heart Disease

Do you know your cholesterol level? Many people don't. A high level of cholesterol in the blood is an important risk factor for heart disease.

Some people say that the danger of heart disease is exaggerated. However, heart disease is a main cause of death in developed countries. Every year more than one million Americans have heart attacks, and half of them die. People With heart disease suffer chest pains that make simple activities, such as walking, shaving, 'or taking a shower, difficult.

Research has proven that cholesterol levels are Connected with heart disease. One project in Massachusetts has studied the same group of men and women since 1948. The researchers have found that the people who have high levels of cholesterol have more heart attacks.

A natural substance in the blood, cholesterol comes from the liver. The amount of cholesterol is affected by diet and by physical qualities we inherit from our parents. One kind of cholesterol sticks fat to the walls of arteries, making them smaller and finally blocking them. It produces a condition called "hardening of the arteries," which causes heart attacks. With tiny cameras, doctors can see blood circulating through the heart valves. Angiograms (血管造影照片) are x-rays of the heart arteries. They show fat deposits and blockages caused by high cholesterol.

Heart disease begins in children as young as 3 years old. It occurs earlier in boys than in girls. Nearly half of teenagers have some fat deposits on their artery walls. Heart disease develops faster if we have high cholesterol levels and also smoke.

What is a safe level of cholesterol? Adults have a high risk of heart attack if their cholesterol level is above 240 milligrams per deciliter (1/10 公升) of blood. Below 200 is better. In the Massachusetts study, no one with a cholesterol level below 150 has ever had a heart attack. However, about half of American adults have cholesterol levels above 200.

To lower our cholesterol level, we must change our eating habits. Anything that comes from an animal is high in fat and high in cholesterol. The American Heart Association National Cholesterol Education Program says that fat should be no more than 30 percent of our diet. Blood cholesterol levels start to fall after 2 to 3 weeks of following a low-cholesterol, low-fat diet. Dietary changes alone can result in a 10 percent reduction of the average person's cholesterol level. Aerobic exercise helps, too. Artery blockage can be reduced by as much as 40 percent through changes in diet and amount of exercise.

We must educate everyone, including children in elementary schools. We must teach them responsibility for their health through classes in nutrition and aerobic exercise. For example, the smart snack is fruit. Children must be served fruit in the school cafeteria, along with low-fat meals. Schools must send recipes home with the children. Parents must include children in planning and preparing meals and shopping for food.

Adults, including persons over the age of sixty five, can lower their cholesterol by 30 or 40 percent. It is never too late to change. One man began his health program when he was seventy- three. By the time he was seventy-seven, he had lowered his arterial blockage from 50 percent to 13 percent and his cholesterol from 320 to 145 without drugs. He went on a vegetarian diet with only 10 percent fat, plus programs to reduce stress and get more exercise.

A low-cholesterol diet that cuts out most animal products and high-fat vegetables may be un- familiar to people. The Heart Association says to use no added fat of any kind. Don’t fry food in oil. Cook it in water, vinegar, or vegetable water. Learn about grains and vegetables. Avoid egg yolks (the yellow part of the egg). Eat potatoes, beans, low fat vegetables, and fruit. People

A．Y

B．N

C．NG