Game theory is important for understanding which of the following market types？

According to the text, which of the following is not necessarily true?

A．Excluding game theory, economics is a short-sighted science.

B．Game theory is only properly applied when future decisions are considered.

C．Maximization is a goal that can only be achieved in the long-term.

D．Game theory leads managers to make correct decisions with the application of economics.

A、The lateral occipital sulcus

B、The rTPJ (Right Temporoparietal Junction)

C、The MPFC (Medial prefrontal cortex)

D、The STS (Superior temporal sulcus)

A、how people behave in strategic situations

B、how people behave when the possible actions of other people are irrelevant.

C、oligopolistic markets.

D、all types of markets, including competitive markets, monopolistic markets, and oligopolistic markets.

Early in the film "A Beautiful Mind," the mathematician John Nash is seen sitting in a Princeton court- yard, hunched over a playing board covered with small black and white pieces that look like pebbles. He was playing Go(围棋), an ancient Asian game. Frustration at losing that game inspired the real Nash to pursue the mathematics of game theory, research for which he eventually was awarded a Nobel Prize.

In recent years, computer experts, particularly those specializing in artificial intelligence, have felt the same fascination and frustration. Programming other board games has been a relative snap. Even chess has succumbed to the power of the processor. Five years ago, a chess-playing computer called "Deep Blue" not only beat but thoroughly humbled Garry Kasparov, the world champion at that time. That is because chess, while tithe complex, can be reduced to a matter of brute force computation. Go is different. Deceptively easy to learn, either for a computer or a human, it is a game of such depth and complexity that it can take years for a person to become a strong player. Today, no computer has been able to achieve a skill level beyond that of the casual player.

The game is played on a board divided into a grid of 19 horizontal and 19 vertical lines. Black and white pieces called stones are placed one at a time on the grid' s intersections. The object is to acquire and defend territory by surrounding it with stones. Programmers working on Go see it as more accurate than chess in reflecting the ways the human mind works. The challenge of proroguing a computer to mimic that process goes to the core of artificial intelligence, which involves the study of learning and decision-making, strategic think- Lug, knowledge representation, pattern recognition and perhaps most intriguingly, intuition.

Along with intuition, pattern recognition is a large part of the game. While computers are good at process- ing numbers, people are naturally good at matching patterns. Humans can recognize an acquaintance at a glance, even from the back.

Daniel Bump, a mathematics professor at Stanford, works on a program called GNU Go in his spare time.

"You can very quickly look at a chess game and see if there's some major issue," he said. But to make a decision in Go, he said, players must learn to combine their pattern-matching abilities with the logic and knowledge they have accrued in years of playing.

One measure of the challenge the game poses is the performance of Go computer programs. The past five years have yielded incremental improvements but no breakthroughs, said David Fotland, a programmer and chip designer in San Jose, California, who created and sells The Many Faces of Go, one of the few commercial Go programs.

Part of the challenge has to do with processing speed. The typical chess program can evaluate about 500,000 positions in a second, and Deep Blue was able to evaluate some 200 million positions in a second. By mitigate, most Go programs can evaluate only a couple of dozen positions each second, said Anders Kiem if, who wrote a program called, Smart Go.

In the course of a chess game, a player has an average of 25 to 35 moves available. In Go, on the other hand, a player can choose from an average of 240 moves. A Go-playing computer would need about 30,000 years to look as far ahead as Deep Blue can with chess in three seconds, said Michael Reiss, a computer scientist in London. But the obstacles go deeper than processing power. Not only do Go programs have trouble evaluafing positions quickly; they have trouble evaluating them correctly. Nonetheless, the allure of computer Go increases as the difficulties it poses encourages programmers to advance basic work in artificial intelligence.

Reiss, an expert in neural networks, compared a human being's ability to recognize a strong or weak po

A．Go is a more complex game than chess.

B．Go reflects the way human beings think.

C．Go players are likely to feel frustrated.

D．Go poses a challenge to artificial intelligence.

The social sciences are less likely than other intellectual enterprises to get credit for their accomplishments. Arguably, this is so because the theories and conceptual constructs of the social sciences are especially accessible: human intelligence apprehends truths about human affairs with particular facility. And the discoveries of the social sciences, once isolated and labeled, are quickly absorbed into conventional wisdom, whereupon they lose their distinctiveness as scientific advances.

This under appreciation of the social sciences contrasts oddly with what many see as their overutilization. Game theory is pressed into service in studies of shifting international alliances. Evaluation research is called upon to demonstrate successes or failures of social programs. Models from economics and demography become the definitive tools for examining the financial base of social security. Yet this rush into practical applications is itself quite understandable: public policy should continually be made, and policymakers rightly feel that even tentative findings and untested theories are better guides to decision-making than no findings and no theories at all.

The author would probably agree that ______.

A．discoveries of the social sciences also represent scientific advances

B．social sciences lack the rigor that characterizes natural sciences

C．discoveries of the social sciences are being abused

D．there should be a strict separation between pure and applied social sciences

As is indicated in the passage, game theory ______.

A．is a tentative finding

B．is not appropriately used

C．can be applied in service industries

D．is not originally meant for studies of shifting international alliances

博弈论又被称为对策论(GameTheory)，是指二人在平等的对局中各自利用对方的策略变换自己的对抗策略，达到取胜的意义。()