adjust depress handle leisure maintain relax relieve social stress vital The drug ______my toothache. It was really effective.

A．They abuse drugs out of curiosity.

B．Drugs can relieve stress and make them forget about their problems.

C．They think drugs can improve their academic achievement.

D．Peer pressure may influence people to abuse drugs.

Drug Abuse

1 The term "drug abuse" most often refers to the use of a drug with such frequency that it causes physical or mental harm to the user or impairs social functioning. Although the term seems to imply that users abuse the drugs they take, in fact, it is themselves or others they abuse by using drugs.

2 Pharmacologists, who study the effects of drugs, classify psychoactive drugs according to what they do to those who take them. Drugs that speed up signals passing through the nervous system, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and produce alertness and arousal and, in higher doses, excitability, and inhibit fatigue and sleep, are called stimulants. Drugs that retard, slow down, or depress signals passing through the central nervous system and produce relaxation, a lowering of anxiety, and, at higher doses, drowsiness and sleep, are called depressants. One distinct kind of depressants are those which dull the mind's perception of pain and in medicine are used as painkillers, or analgesics. These drugs called narcotics.

3 It is not always easy to determine exactly when simple drug use becomes abuse. Thus it is far easier to study who uses illegal psychoactive drugs than it is to study who abuses them. When re searchers describe patterns of drug abuse, then, they usually describe the more general phenomenon of drug use, whether it leads to abuse or not.

4 Drinking on the job is a social and economic problem with a long history. With the growing popularity of illegal drugs in the 1960s and 1970s, it was to be expected that their use in the workplace would emerge as a major issue by the 1980s. Estimates of employee drug use vary greatly, ranging from 10 percent to 25 percent for the proportion of workers who use drugs occasionally on the job. The safe performance of some occupations among them is done by airline pilots in air traffic.

5 From the 1920s until the 1960s, treatment of drug abuse in the United States was practically nonexistent. During this period many officials did not believe that treatment was effective or necessary. Drug abusers and sellers were simply arrested and imprisoned, thereby discouraging use. The dramatic explosion in the use and abuse of a wide range of different drugs during the 1960s demonstrated the weakness of this theory. As a result, two treatment programs were developed during the 1960s.

A. Patterns of drug abuse

B. Treatment

C. Drug testing in the workplace

D. Classification of psychoactive drugs

E. Definition of drug abuse

Paragraph 1 ______.

There are some social problems in the United States. And drug abuse has come to be 【21】______ as one of the most challenging social problems facing the nation. Indeed, the very word" drug" excites strong emotion, and opinion 【22】______ since the late 1960s have shown that "drug problem" is 【23】______ by most Americans as a major 【24】______ to the society, particularly to its younger members.

Drug abuse is a social problem because it has a wide range of social 【25】______ ,-- some obvious and measurable, some hidden and difficult to quantify. There is strong 【26】______ between some forms of drug use and crime. The use of alcohol, for example, is highly 【27】______ with violent crime. Heroin dependence, too, is related to crime, 【28】______ not so directly to violence. Heroin addicts (those who depend on heroin) may need as 【29】______ as $ 100 a day to support their habit, and most addicts find that they must 【30】______ in order to collect these sums. In 【31】______ , users of illegal drugs have to rely directly or indirectly 【32】______ criminal networks that manufacture, 【33】______ , and distribute these drugs. The profits from these illegal commerce are 【34】______ and the criminal organizations have be come deeply 【35】______ in the supply of heroin and other drugs.

Drug dependence does a lot of harm in 【36】______ . of personal health and safety. The 【37】______ user of drugs is much more likely than a member of general population to be killed or to 【38】______ suicide, either deliberately or accidentally. Drug dependence, too, may 【39】______ other areas of individual's life, 【40】______ from the home to the work place to personal relationships with friends.

【21】

A．regarded

B．respected

C．referred

D．treated

Growing concerns over the safety and efficacy of anti-depressant drugs prescribed to children have caught the eye of Congress and the New York state attorney general. Now they're becoming the catalyst for calls to reform. the way clinical trials of all drugs are reported.

Pressure is already causing some changes within the pharmaceutical industry. And it has put the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which approves new drugs, in the hot seat. If reforms are carried out, they could bring an unprecedented level of transparency to drug research.

The solution now under consideration: a public database, or registry, of drug trials, where companies would post the results of those trials.

In congressional testimony Thursday, a spokesman for the American Medical Association endorsed the registry and said it should include information on each trial's purpose and objective, its design, and the dates it begins and ends. If the trial is not completed, the registry should include an explanation.

While drug companies have been eager to make public any positive results of their trials, recent revelations suggest they've balked at divulging tests when the results are not what they'd hoped to see. The furor has centered around the use of anti- depressants on children.

The industry has begun to make some moves to address the concerns about drug trials. Drug companies have agreed to set up a voluntary system of posting their drug trials on the Internet. But that seems unlikely to satisfy some members of Congress, who are expected to ! ntroduce legislation to establish a mandatory drug registry.

Last week, editors of a dozen influential medical journals announced that they would begin requiring drug companies to post a drug trial in a public database prior to accepting an article about it. Doctors rely on these articles to make treatment choices. The editors hope that the registry will force unfavorable drug studies, before kept secret, into the open.

Medical journals already had been tightening up on the authorship of their articles, insisting that authors declare if they had any conflicts of interest, such as any financial or other ties to the drug company, says Daniel Callahan, a director at the Hastings Center, a nonprofit bioethics research institute in Garrison, N.Y.

Information from previously undisclosed clinical trials could lower prices, reduce the number of badly designed trials, and help doctors considering the use of a drug for a non-approved purpose to know why it hash' t been approved for that use.

Antidepressant drugs "have some serious side effects ... that seem to be much more common than people realize.., much more common than you might think from seeing drug ads and from reports on drug studies," says Joel Gurin, executive vice president of Consumer Reports. His magazine just finished a survey of readers showing a "dramatic shift from talk therapy to drug therapy for mental health problems" during the

past decade. In 1995, less than half of people getting mental health treatment —40 percent- got drug therapy. Today 68 percent receive drug treatment, Mr. Gurin says.

Some studies coming to light show that antidepressants work no better than placebos. Even better than merely registering drug trials, Caplan (director of the Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia) suggests, would be to require that a new drug not only be "safe and do what it' s sup- posed to do", but that it do it as well or better than other drugs already on the market. That, he says, would help push research into new areas and save money.

What causes the pressure to reform. the way clinical trials of all drugs are reported?

A．Growing concerns over the safety and efficacy of anti-depressant drugs prescribed to children.

B．The requirements of Congress and the New York state attorney general.

C．Changes within the pharmaceutical industry.

D．The information provided by a dozen influential medical journals.

Growing concerns over the safety and efficacy of anti-depressant drugs prescribed to children have caught the eye of Congress and the New York state attorney general. Now they're becoming the catalyst for calls to reform. the way clinical trials of all drugs are reported.

Pressure is already causing some changes within the pharmaceutical industry. And it has put the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which approves new drugs, in the hot seat. If reforms are carried out, they could bring an unprecedented level of transparency to drug research.

The solution now under consideration: a public database, or registry, of drug trials, where companies would post the results of those trials.

In congressional testimony Thursday, a spokesman for the American Medical Association endorsed the registry and said it should include information on each trial' s purpose and objective, its design, and the dates it begins and ends. If the trial is not completed, the registry should include an explanation.

While drug companies have been eager to make public any positive results of their trials, recent revelations suggest they' ye balked at divulging tests when the results are not what they' d hoped to see. The furor has centered around the use of anti- depressants on children.

The industry has begun to make some moves to address the concerns about drug trials. Drug companies have agreed to set up a voluntary system of posting their drug trials on the Intemet. But that seems unlikely to satisfy some members of Congress, who are expected to introduce legislation to establish a mandatory drug registry.

Last week, editors of a dozen influential medical journals announced that they would begin requiring drug companies to post a drug trial in a public database prior to accepting an article about it. Doctors rely on these articles to make treatment choices. The editors hope that the registry will force unfavorable drug studies, before kept secret, into the open.

Medical journals already had been tightening up on the authorship of their articles, insisting that authors declare if they had any conflicts of interest, such as any financial or other ties to the drug company, says Daniel Callahan, a director at the Hastings Center, a nonprofit bioethics research institute in Garrison, N.Y.

Information from previously undisclosed clinical trials could lower prices, reduce the number of badly designed trials, and help doctors considering the use of a drug for a non-approved purpose to know why it hasn't been approved for that use.

Antidepressant drugs "have some serious side effects... that seem to be much more common than people realize... much more common than you might think from seeing drug ads and from reports on drug studies," says Joel Gurin, executive vice president of Consumer Reports. His magazine just finished a survey of readers showing a "dramatic shift from talk therapy to drug therapy for mental health problems" during the past decade. In 1995, less than half of people getting mental health treatment—40 percent—got drug therapy. Today 68 percent receive drug treatment, Mr. Gurin says.

Some studies coming to light show that antidepressants work no better than placebos. Even better than merely registering drug trials, Caplan (director of the Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia) suggests, would be to require that a new drug not only be "safe and do what it' s sup posed to do", but that it do it as well or better than other drugs already on the market. That, he says, would help push research into new areas and save money.

What causes the pressure to reform. the way clinical trials of all drugs are reported?

A．Growing concerns over the safety and efficacy of anti-depressant drugs prescribed to children.

B．The requirements of Congress and the New York state attorney general.

C．Changes within the pharmaceutical industry.

D．The information provided by a dozen influential medical journals.

Growing concerns over the safety and efficacy of anti-depressant drugs prescribed to children have caught the eye of Congress and the New York state attorney general. Now they're becoming the catalyst for calls to reform. the way clinical trials of all drugs are reported.

Pressure is already causing some changes within the pharmaceutical industry. And it has put the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which approves new drugs, in the hot seat. If reforms are carried out, they could bring an unprecedented level of transparency to drug research.

The solution now under consideration: a public database, or registry, of drug trials, where companies would post the results of those trials.

In congressional testimony Thursday, a spokesman for the American Medical Association endorsed the registry and said it should include information on each trial's purpose and objective, its design, and the dates it begins and ends. If the trial is not completed, the registry should include an explanation.

While drug companies have been eager to make public any positive results of their trials, recent revelations suggest they've balked at divulging tests when the results are not what they'd hoped to see. The furor has centered around the use Of anti-depressants on children.

The industry has begun to make some moves to address the concerns about drug trials. Drug companies have agreed to set up a voluntary system of posting their drug trials on the Internet. But that seems unlikely to satisfy some members of Congress, who are expected to introduce legislation to establish a mandatory drug registry.

Last week, editors of a dozen influential medical journals announced that they would begin requiring drug companies to post a drug trial in a public database prior to accepting an article about it. Doctors rely on these articles to make treatment choices. The editors hope that the registry will force unfavorable drug studies, before kept secret, into the open.

Medical journals already had been tightening up on the authorship of their articles, insisting that authors declare if they had any conflicts of interest, such as any financial or other ties to the drug company, says Daniel Callahan, a director at the Hastings Center, a nonprofit bioethics research institute in Garrison, N.Y.

Information from previously undisclosed clinical trials could lower prices, reduce the number of badly designed trials, and help doctors considering the use of a drug for a non-approved purpose to know why it hasn't been approved for that use.

Antidepressant drugs "have some serious side effects ... that seem to be much more common than people realize ... much more common than you might think from seeing drug ads and from reports on drug studies," says Joel Gurin, executive vice president of Consumer Reports. His magazine just finished a survey of readers showing a "dramatic shift from talk therapy to drug therapy for mental health problems" during the past decade. In 1995, less than half of people getting mental health treatment--40 percent--got drug therapy. Today 68 percent receive drug treatment, Mr. Gurin says.

Some studies coming to light show that antidepressants work no better than placebos. Even better than merely registering drug trials, Caplan (director of the Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia) suggests, would be to require that a new drug not only be "safe and do what it's supposed to do", but that it do it as well or better than other drugs already on the market. That, he says, would help push research into new areas and save money.

What causes the pressure to reform. the way clinical trials of all drugs are reported?

A．Growing concerns over the safety and efficacy of anti-depressant drugs prescribed to children.

B．The requirements of Congress and the New York state attorney general.

C．Changes within the pharmaceutical industry.

D．The information provided by a dozen influential medical journals.