In the Keynesian-cross model, actual expenditures differ from planned expenditures by the amount of:

在凯恩斯交叉图中，假设消费函数如下：

  C=200+0.75(Y-T)

  计划投资是100；政府购买和税收都是100。

  a．画出作为收入的函数的计划支出。

  b．均衡的收入水平是多少?

  c．如果政府购买增加到125，新的均衡收入是多少?

  d．为了达到1600美元的收入。需要的政府购买水平是多少?

  In the Keynesian cross, assume that the consumption function is given by

  C=200+0.75(Y-T)

  Planned investment is 100; government purchases and taxes are both 100.

  a．Graph planned expenditure as a function of income.

  b．What is the equilibrium level of income?

  c．If government purchases increase to 125, what is the new equilibrium income?

  d．What level of government purchases is needed to achieve an income of 1,600?

虽然我们在本章中建立的凯恩斯交叉图假设税收是一个固定量，但在许多国家(包括美国)税收取决于收入。我们用下式写出税收收入，以代表税制：和t为税收的参数；参数t为边际税率：如果收入增加1美元，税收增加t×1美元。

  a．这种税制如何改变消费对GDP变动做出反应的方式?

  b．在凯恩斯交叉图中。这种税制如何改变政府购买乘数?

  c．在IS-LM模型中，这种税制如何改变IS曲线的斜率?

  Although our development of the Keynesian cross in this chapter assumes that taxes are a fixed amount, in many countries (including the United States) taxes depend on income. Let's represent the tax system by writing tax revenue as where and t are parameters of the tax code. The parameter t is the marginal tax rate: if income rises by $1, taxes rise by t×$1.

  a．How does this tax system change the way consumption responds to changes in GDP?

  b．In the Keynesian cross, how does this tax system alter the government-purchases multiplier?

  c．In the IS-LM model, how does this tax system alter the slope of the IS curve?

根据下面内容，回答题：

A few minutes ago， walking back from lunch， I started to cross the street when I heard the sound of a coin dropping. It wasn"t much but， as I turned， my eyes caught the heads of several other people turning too. A woman had dropped what appeared to be a dime.

The tinkling sound of a coin dropping on pavement is an attention-getter. It can be nothing more than a penny.Whatever the coin is， no one ignores the sound of it.It got me thinking about sounds again.

We are besieged（包围） by so many sounds that attract the most attention. People in New York City seldom turn to look when a fire engine， a police car or an ambulance comes screaming along the street.

When I"m in New York， I"m a New Yorker. I don"t turn either. Like the natives.

At home in my little town in Connecticut， it"s different. The distant wail of a police car， an emergency vehicle or a fire siren brings me to my feet if I"m seated and brings me to the window if I"m in bed.

It"s the quietest sounds that have most effect on us， not the loudest. In the middle of the night， I can hear a dripping tap a hundred yards away through three closed doors.I"ve been hearing little creaking noises and sounds which my imagination turns into footsteps in the middle of the night for twenty-five years in our house. How come I never hear those sounds in the daytime?

The sound of a coin dropping makes people________. 查看材料

A.think of money

B.look at each other

C.pay attention to it

D.stop crossing the street

Cross-country bicycle racing, ______ early in the 20th century in France, was current in the 1920s and became prominent in the 1950s.

A．generated

B．originated

C．sponsored

D．proclaimed

Section A

Directions: In this section there are 10 sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the one from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.

Although buses in this district are scheduled to depart at a certain hour, they are often late.

A．planned

B．requested

C．obligated

D．loaded