Nonverbal Thinking in EngineeringMany objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by

Nonverbal Thinking in Engineering

Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science. However, their form. and function, their dimensions and appearance, were determined by technologists, designers, inventors, and engineers using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to clear verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermo-dynamics (动力学), but because they were first the picture in the minds of those who built them.

The creative shaping process of a technologist's mind can be seen in nearly every artifact (人工制品 that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might express individual (个人的) ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive (直觉的) sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber (燃烧室)？ Where should the valves (阀) be placed？ Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirement, by limitations of available space, and not in the least by a sense of form. Some decisions, such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component design remains primary.

Design courses, then, should be an essential element of engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, which is the special technique of the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to need "hard thinking", nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal mathematical thought.

If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical (分析的) engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early modes of high-speed railroad cars loaded with high-tech controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because the fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Random failures that bring automatic control systems into trouble are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.

The passage is mainly concerned with

A．the modes of thinking that are used by technologists.

B．the importance of nonverbal thinking in engineering design.

C．the new role for nonscientific thinking in engineering.

D．the difference between the goals of engineers and those of technologists.