t n. （） changing from one state or condition to another

此题为判断题(对，错)。

Rivera's investigation and expose on the conditions at Willowbrook State School led to ______.

A．the public concern and request for changes

B．the improvement of the conditions there

C．a considerable increase in the school's budget

D．all of the above

Grazing livestock on public land in the western United States is not causing widespread environmental damage in the region, since if it were, the condition of that land would not be improving. However, only 14 percent of public land in the area today is considered to have inadequate vegetation cover and, therefore, to be in poor condition, while in the 1930s, 36 percent had inadequate vegetation cover. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

A．In the western United States, private land is typically more lush than public land, and cattle that graze on private land can be fattened more quickly.

B．Since the 1930"s, recreational users of public land in the western United States have caused more environmental damage than have the cattle grazing there.

C．During the 1930 " s, an unusually destructive drought prevailed throughout the region where most public lands in the western United States are located.

D．Ranchers who use public land in the western United States pay only a fraction of what is paid by those who lease comparable private land for grazing.

E．The amount of land purchased by the United States government since the 1930"s is relatively insignificant.

Which of the following is NOT a condition for a limited liability company to issue publicly corporate bonds?

A.The value of its net assets shall not be lower than RMB 30,000,000 yuan

B.The average distributable profits of the company for the past three years must be sufficient to pay the interest on the corporate bonds for one year

C.The funds to be raised must be invested in conformity with the industrial policy of the State

D.The accumulated balance of the bonds shall not exceed 40% of the value of the net assets of the company

Some states use the estate tax in addition to inheritance test and some use gifts tax.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains al coholism by considering alcohol ingestion as reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner-drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one' or more drinks.

Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach -avoidance "situation. Conger trained one group rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward food was unchanged.

The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior. come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.

In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the cue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: Conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.

The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some. cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.

Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learn ed. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to in duce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other re searchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.

The author maintains that habituation to excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. The method employed to do so, experimentally, which used reinforcement is______.

A．the introduction of alcohol into the bloodstream by infection

B．the increase of the concentration of alcohol in the subject’s drinking water

C．the use of anxiety in an avoidance - approach pattern

D．increasing the amount of alcohol the subject must drink each time before giving it a reward

One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.

Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach - avoidance Situation. Conger trained one group rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward food was unchanged.

The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior. come only later, Tile learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.

In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the cue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: Conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.

The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some. cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.

Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in &inking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other re- searchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. in this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.

The author maintains that habituation to excessive alcohol consumption can be learned.The method employed to do so, experimentally, which used reinforcement is ______.

A．the introduction of alcohol into the bloodstream by infection

B．the increase of the concentration of alcohol in the subject's drinking water

C．the use of anxiety in an avoidance - approach pattern

D．increasing the amount of alcohol the subject must drink each time before giving it a reward

It is stated that construction of a new education system_________. 查看材料

A. challenges economists and politicians

B. takes efforts of generations

C. demands priority from the government

D. requires sufficient labor force