The majority of employees in the fast food industry will rise up the corporate ladderThe majority of employees in the fast food industry will rise up the corporate ladder.（）

The majority of employees in the fast food industry will rise up the corporate ladder.()

The passage suggests which of the following about the majority of United States manufacturing industries before the high-technology development era of the 1980’s?

A．They lost many of their most innovative personnel to small entrepreneurial enterprises.

B．They experienced a major decline in profits during the 1960’s and 1970’s.

C．They could provide real economic benefits to the areas in which they were located.

D．They employed workers who had no specialized skills.

E．They actively interfered with local entrepreneurial ventures.

People from many countries find it difficult to understand how the majority of Americans live comfortable lives without the support of a public welfare system. Medical care in the United States is expensive; university education can cost ＄20,000 per year; living well after a worker retires requires more money than will be paid through the Social Security System. Most Americans prepare for those needs by saving a part of their salaries in saving banks; others invest in industries or service corporations in hopes of receiving greater profits. Most Americans also buy insurance of many kinds. In buying insurance, a working person agrees to pay a set sum of money every month or at other regular intervals. In exchange, he or she receives money when needed. Life insurance guarantees a sum of money to survivors of the person in case of death. Medical and hospital insurance guarantees payment of large medical and hospital bills. There is also dental insurance and insurance that pays money when a home burns down. An American can also insure a car, furniture or other personal belongings.

Other benefits for working Americans are provided by the companies they work for or the labor unions to which they belong.

All large businesses and many smaller ones offer their workers benefits. These benefits can include free or low-cost medical insurance and life insurance. Many companies also have retirement plans. The companies put money aside to pay their workers when they retire. There are also profit-sharing plans through which extra money is put aside for workers when the company makes a great deal of money in any one year.

Many labor unions also have special funds from which workers can receive monthly checks when they retire or if they become disabled and cannot work. Some unions also pay for medicine that the workers need but which may not be purchased by medical insurance. Some pay workers a small amount of money if they lose their jobs.

The cost of higher education is usually paid by a combination of private savings, income from a part-time job held by the student, and low interest loans or grants of money given to needy students by the federal government but administered by the university.

How do most of the Americans pay for their huge expense of living?

A．By working for long hours.

B．By saving a part of their salaries.

C．By setting up their own industries.

D．By working for services.

Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i. e. , worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago "being employed" meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest growing groups in our working population--growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.

Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist's trade or book-keeping(簿记). Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.

It is implied that fifty years ago ______.

A．eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factories

B．twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employees

C．the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workers

D．the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of industrial workers

Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i. e., worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago "being employed" meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiting intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized. American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population—rowing so

fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.

Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist's trade or bookkeeping. Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.

It is implied that fifty years ago______.

A．eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factories

B．twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employees

C．the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workers

D．the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of industrial workers

Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i. e. , worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago "being employed" meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been tile fastestgrowing groups in our working population—growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.

Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist's trade or book-keeping(簿记). Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.

It is implied that fifty years ago _______.

A．eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factories

B．twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employees

C．the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workers

D．the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of industrial workers

Public relations is management function that creates, develops, and carries out policies and programs to influence public opinion or public reaction about an idea, a product, or an organization. The field of public relations has become an important part of the economic, social and political pattern of life in many nations. That field includes advertising, promotional activities, and press contact. Public relations also exists at the same time in business with marketing and merchandising to create the climate in which all selling functions occur.

Public relations activities in the modern world help institutions to cope successfully with many problems, to build prestige for an individual or a group, to promote products, and to win elections. The majority of public relations workers are staff employees working within a corporate or institutional framework. Others operate in public relations counseling firms.

In industry, public relations personnel keep management informed of changes in the opinions of various publics(that is, the groups of people whose support is needed): employees, stockholders(股东),customers, suppliers, dealers, the community, and the government. These professionals counsel management as to the impact of any action or lack of action on the behavior. f the target audiences. Once an organizational decision has been made, the public relations person has the task of communicating this information to the public using methods that promote understanding, and desired behavior. For example, a hospital merger, an industrial plant closing, or the introduction of a new product all require public relations planning and skill.

Public relations activities are a major part of the political affairs in many nations. Politicians seeking office, government agencies seeking acceptance and cooperation, officials seeking support for their policies, and foreign governments seeking aid and allies abroad all make extensive use of counseling services provided by public relations specialists.

Public relations also play an important role in the entertainment industry. The theater, motion pictures, sports, restaurants, and individuals all use public relations services to increase their business or add to their image. Other public relations clients are educational, social service and charitable institutions, trade unions, religious groups, and professional societies.

The successful public relations practitioner(从业者) is a specialist in communication arts and persuasion. Specialized skills are required to handle public opinion research, media relations, direct mail activities, institutional advertising, publications, film and video production, and special events. Public relations services are so far virtually unused in many developing nations, but they are likely to be a future government concern.

In Paragraph One, the author mainly tells us ______.

A．the methods of public relations

B．the activities of public relations

C．the functions of public relations

D．the definition of public relations

Public relations is management function that creates, develops, and carries out policies and programs to influence public opinion or public reaction about an idea, a product, or an organization. The field of public relations has become an important part of the economic, social and political pattern of life in many nations. That field includes advertising, promotional activities, and press contact. Public relations also exists at the same time in business with marketing and merchandising to create the climate in which all selling functions occur.

Public relations activities in the modern world help institutions to cope successfully with many problems, to build prestige for an individual or a group, to promote products, and to win elections. The majority of public relations workers are staff employees working within a corporate or institutional framework. Others operate in public relations counseling firms.

In industry, public relations personnel keep management informed of changes in the opinions of Various publics(that is, the groups of people whose support is needed): employees, stockholders(股东), customers, suppliers, dealers, the community, and the government. These professionals counsel management as to the impact of any action or lack of action on the behavior. of the target audiences. Once an organizational decision has been made, the public relations person has the task of communicating this information to the public using methods that promote understanding, and desired behavior. For example, a hospital merger, an industrial plant closing, or the introduction of a new product all require public relations planning and skill.

Public relations activities are a major part of the political affairs in many nations. Politicians seeking office, government agencies seeking acceptance and cooperation, officials seeking support for their policies, and foreign governments seeking aid and allies abroad all make extensive use of counseling services provided by public relations specialists.

Public relations also play an important role in the entertainment industry. The theater, motion pictures, sports, restaurants, and individuals all use public relations services to in crease their business or add to their image. Other public relations clients are educational, social service and charitable institutions, trade unions, religious groups, and professional societies.

The successful public relations practitioner(从业者) is a specialist in communication arts and persuasion. Specialized skills are required to handle public opinion research, media relations, direct mail activities, institutional advertising, publications, film and video production, and special events. Public relations services are so far virtually unused in many developing nations, but they are likely to be a future government concern.

In Paragraph One, the author mainly tells us _________.

A．the methods of public relations

B．the activities of public relations

C．the functions of public relations

D．the definition of public relations

The major problem of water efficiency in industry is a______.

Job Satisfaction and Personnel Mobility

Europe, and indeed all the major industrialized nations, is currently going through a recession. This obviously has serious implications for companies and personnel who find themselves victims of the downturn. As Britain apparently eases out of recession, there are also potentially equally serious implications for the companies who survive, associated with the employment and recruitment market in general.

During a recession, voluntary staff turnover is bound to fall sharply. Staff who have been with a company for some years will clearly not want to risk losing their accumulated redundancy fights. Furthermore, they will be unwelling to go to a new organization where they may well be joining on a "last in, first out" basis. Consequently, even if there is little or no job satisfaction in their current post, they are most likely to remain where they are, quietly sitting it out and waiting for things to improve. In Britain, this situation has been aggravated by the length and nature of the recession--as may also prove to be the case in the rest of Europe and beyond.

In the past, companies used to take on staff at the lower levels and reward loyal employees with internal promotions. This opportunity for a lifetime career with one company is no longer available, owing to downsizing" of companies, structural reorganizations and redundancy programmes, all of which have affected middle management as much asthe lower levels. This reducetion in the layers of management has led to flatter hierarchies, which, in turn, has reduced promotion prospects within most companies. Whereas ambitious personnel had become used to regular promotion, they now find their progress is blocked.

This situation is compounded by yet another factor. When staff at any level are taken on, it is usually from outside and promotion is increasingly through career moves between companies. Recession has created a new breed of bright young graduates, much more self-interested and cynical than in the past. They tend to be more wary, sceptical of what is on offer and consequently much tougher negotiators. Those who joined companies directly from education feel the effects most strongly and now feel uncertain and insecure in mid-life.

In many cases, this has resulted in staff dissatisfaction. Moreover, management itself has contributed to this general ill-feeling and frustration. The caring image of the recent past has gone and the fear of redundancy is often used as the prime motivator.

As a result of all these factors, when the recession eases and people find more confidence, there will be an explosion of employees seeking new opportunities to escape their current jobs. This will be led by younger, less-experienced employees and the hard-headed young graduates. "Headhunters" confirm that older staff are still cautious, having seen so many good companies "go to the wall", and are reluctant to jeopardize their redundancy entitlements. Past experience, however, suggests that, once triggered, the expansion in recruitment will be very rapid.

The problem which faces many organizations is one of strategic planning; of not knowing who will leave and who will stay.A Often it is the best personnel who move on whilst the worst cling to the little security they have.B Whilst this expansion in the recruitment market is likely to happen soon in Britain, most employers are simply not prepared.C With the loss of middle management, in a static marketplace, personnel management and recruitment are often conducted by junior personnel.D They have only known recession and lack the experience to plan ahead and to implement strategies for growth. This is tree of many other functions, leaving companies without the skills, ability or vision to structure themselves for long-term growth. Without this ability to recruit competitively for stra

A．consequence.

B．significance.

C．recession.

D．association.