Give a brief introduction of “the Montgomery Bus Boycott” which occurred during the time of American Civil Rights Movement. （）

What is International Double Taxation?Please give a brief introduction and comment on the two basic kinds of double taxation?(上海交大2007年研)

Give a brief introduction to the history of "massive global money movements" and their impacts on the global economy.

What is PISA? Give a brief introduction to its findings.

Give a brief comment on this poem.

The main purpose of the passage is to ______.

A．give a brief introduction to the growth of the mass newspaper

B．trace the cause of the failures of the six-cent papers

C．find out which was the most significant newspaper of that time

D．show how a mass-appeal newspaper made a great fortune

A Brief Introduction of Mark Twain

Twain, Mark, pseudonym(笔名) of Samuel Langhome Clemens ( 1835 - 1910 ), American writer and humorist, whose best work is characterized by broad, often irreverent(不敬的) humor or biting social satire. Twain's writing is also known for realism of place and language, memorable characters, and hatred of hypocrisy and oppression.

Early Years

Born in Florida, Missouri, Clemens moved with his family to Hannibal, Missouri, a port on the Mississippi River, when he was four years old. There he received a public school education. After the death of his father in 1847, Clemens was apprenticed to two Hannibal printers, and in 1851 he began setting type for and contributing sketches to his brother Orion's Hannibal Journal. Subsequently he worked as a printer in Keokuk, Iowa; New York City; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; other cities. Later Clemens was a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River until the American Civil War (1861 - 1865) brought an end to travel on the river. In 1861 Clemens served briefly as a volunteer soldier in the Confederate cavalry. Later that year he accompanied his brother to the newly created Nevada Territory, where he tried his hand at silver mining. In 1862 he became a reporter on the Territorial Enterprise in Virginia City, Nevada, and in 1863 he began signing his articles with the pseudonym Mark Twain, a Mississippi River phrase meaning "two fathoms deep." After moving to San Francisco, California, in 1864, Twain met American writers Artemus Ward and Bret Harte, who encouraged him in his work. In 1865 Twain reworked a tale he had heard in the California gold fields, and within months the author and the story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," had become national sensations.

Years of Maturity

In 1867 Twain lectured in New York City, and in the same year he visited Europe and Palestine. He wrote of these travels in The Innocents Abroad (1869), a book exaggerating those aspects of European culture that impress American tourists. In 1870 he married Olivia Langdon. After living briefly in Buffalo, New York, the couple moved to Hartford, Connecticut. Much of Twain's best work was written in the 1870s and 1880s in Hartford or during the summers at Quarry Farm, near Elmira, New York. Roughing It (1872) recounts his early adventures as a miner and journalist; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) celebrates boyhood in a town on the Mississippi River; A Tramp Abroad (1880) describes a walking trip through the Black Forest of Germany and the Swiss Alps; The Prince and the Pauper (1882), a children's book, focuses on switched identities in Tudor England; Life on the Mississippi (1883) combines an autobiographical account of his experiences as a river pilot with a visit to the Mississippi nearly two decades after he left it; A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) satirizes oppression in feudal England.

About His Masterpiece

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), the sequel to Tom Sawyer, is considered Twain's masterpiece. The book is the story of the title character, known as Huck, a boy who flees his father by rafting down the Mississippi River with a runaway slave, Jim. The pair's adventures show Huck (and the reader) the cruelty of which men and women are capable. Another theme of the novel is the conflict between Huck's feelings of friendship with Jim, who is one of the few people he can trust, and his knowledge that he is breaking the laws of the time by he]ping Jim escape. Huckleberry Finn, which is almost entirely narrated from Huck's point of view, is noted for its authentic language and for its deep commitment to freedom. Huck's adventures also provide the reader with a panorama of American life along the Mississippi before the civil War. Twain's skill in capturing the rhythms of that life help make the book one of the masterpiec

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

A Brief Introduction of Mark Twain

Twain, Mark, pseudonym(笔名)of Samuel Langhorne Clemens(1835-1910), American writer and humorist, whose best work is characterized by broad, often irreverent(不敬的)humor or biting social satire. Twain's writing is also known for realism of place and language, memorable characters, and hatred of hypocrisy and oppression.

Early Years

Born in Florida, Missouri, Clemens moved with his family to Hannibal, Missouri, a port on the Mississippi River, when he was four years old. There he received a public school education. After the death of his father in 1847, Clemens was apprenticed to two Hannibal primers, and in 1851 he began setting type for and contributing sketches to his brother Orion's Hannibal Journal. Subsequently he worked as a printer in Keokuk, Iowa; New York City; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and other cities. Later Clemens was a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River until the American Civil War (1861-1865) brought an end to travel on the river. In 1861 Clemens served briefly as a volunteer soldier in the Confederate cavalry. Later that year he accompanied his brother to the newly created Nevada Territory, where he tried his hand at silver mining. In 1862 he became a reporter on the Territorial Enterprise in Virginia City, Nevada, and in 1863 he began signing his articles with the pseudonym Mark Twain, a Mississippi River phrase meaning "two fathoms deep." After moving to San Francisco, California, in 1864, Twain met American writers Artemus Ward and Bret Harte, who encouraged him in his work. In 1865 Twain reworked a tale he had heard in the California gold fields, and within months the author and the story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," had become national sensations.

Years of Maturity

In 1867 Twain lectured in New York City, and in the same year he visited Europe and Palestine. He wrote of these travels in The Innocents Abroad (1869), a book exaggerating those aspects of European culture that impress American tourists. In 1870 he married Olivia Langdon. After living briefly in Buffalo, New York, the couple moved to Hartford, Connecticut. Much of Twain's best work was written in the 1870s and 1880s in Hartford or during the summers at Quarry Farm, near Elmira, New York. Roughing It (1872) recounts his early adventures as a miner and journalist; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) celebrates boyhood in a town on the Mississippi River; A Tramp Abroad (1880) describes a walking trip through the Black Forest of Germany and the Swiss Alps; The Prince and the Pauper (1882), a children's book, focuses on switched identities in Tudor England; Life on the Mississippi (1883) combines an autobiographical account of his experiences as a river pilot with a visit to the Mississippi nearly two decades after he left it; A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) satirizes oppression in feudal England.

About His Masterpiece

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), the sequel to Tom Sawyer, is considered Twain's masterpiece. The book is the story of the title character, known as Huck, a boy who flees his father by rafting down the Mississippi River with a runaway slave, Jim. The pails adventures show Huck(and the reader)the cruelty of which men and women are capable. Another theme of the novel is the conflict between Huck's feelings of friendship with Jim, who is one of the few people he can trust, and his knowledge that be is breaking the laws of the time by helping Jim escape. Huckleberry Finn, which is al most entirely narrated from Huck's point of view, is noted for its authentic language and for its deep commitment to free dom. Huck's adventures also provide the reader with a panorama of American life along the Mississippi before the Civil War. Twain's skill in capturing the rhythms of that life help make the book one of the masterpieces of American literature.

&

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

听力原文： Now, let me first give you a brief introduction to the American poet, Emily Dickinson. Emily Dickinson was America's best-known female poet and one of the foremost authors in American literature. Born in Amherst, Massachusetts, Dickinson was the middle child of a prominent lawyer and one-term United States congressional representative, Edward Dickinson, and his wife, Emily Norcross Dickinson. From 1840 to 1847 she attended the Amherst Academy, and from 1847 to 1848 she studied at the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (now Mount Holyoke College) in South Hadley, a few trips to Boston for eye treatments in the early 1860s, Dickinson remained in Amherst, living in the same house on Main Street from 1855 until her death. During her lifetime, she published only about 10 of her nearly 2, 000 poems, in newspapers, Civil War journals, and a poetry anthology. The first volume of Poems of Emily Dickinson was published in 1890, after Dickinson's death.

Although few of Dickinson's poems were formally published during her lifetime, she herself "published" by sending out at least one-third of her poems in the more than 1, 000 letters she wrote to at least 100 different correspondents. Dickinson's method of binding about 800.of her poems into 40 manuscript. books and distributing several hundred of them in letters is now widely recognized as her particular form. of self-publication. She also read her poems aloud to several people, including her cousins Louise and Frances Norcross, over a period of three decades.

Well, that's all about her life. Now shall we concentrate on her famous poem, "Success is Counted Sweetest".

In which state was Emily Dickson born?

A．Michigan.

B．Ohio.

C．Massachusetts.

D．Washington.

听力原文： Now，let me first give you a brief introduction to the American poet，Emily Dickinson．Emily Dickinson was America's best-known female poet and one of the foremost authors in American literature．Born in Amherst，Massachusetts，Dickinson was the middle child of a prominent lawyer and one-term United States congressional representative，Edward Dickinson，and his wife．Emily Norcross Dickinson．From 1840 to 1847 she attended the Amherst Academy．and from 1847 to 1848 she studied at the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary(now Mount Holyoke College)in South Hadley，a few trips to Boston for eye treatments in the early 1860s。Dickinson remained in Amherst．living in the same house on Main Street from 1855 until her death．During her lifetime，she published only about 10 of her nearly 2,000 poems，in newspapers，Civil war journais，and a poetry anthology．The first volume of Poems of Emily Dickinson was published in 1890，after Dickinson's death．

Although few of Dickinson's poems were formally published during her lifetime，she herself“published”by sending out at least one-third of her poems in the more than 1,000 letters she wrote to at least 100 different correspondents．Dickinson's method of binding about 800 of her poems into 40 manuscript. books and distributing several hundred of them in letters is now widely recognized as her particular form. of self-publication．She also read her poems aloud to several people，including her cousins Louise and Frances Norcross，over a period of three decades．

Well．that's all about her life．Now shall we concentrate on her famous poem，“Success is Counted Sweetest”．

In which state was Emily Dickson born?

A．Michigan.

B．Ohio.

C．Massachusetts.

D．Washington.