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更多“Greenhouse gases trap energy in the atmosphere and make the Earth warmer.（）”相关的问题
第1题
Scientists predict increasing droughts, floods and extreme weather and say there is growing evidence that human activities are to blame.
What Is Climate Change?
The planet's climate is constantly changing. The global average temperature is currently in the region of 15℃. Geological and other evidence suggests that, in the past, this average may have been as high as 27℃ and as low as 7℃.
But scientists are concerned that the natural fluctuation (波动) has been overtaken by a rapid human-induced warming that has serious implications for the stability of the climate on which much life on the planet depends.
What Is the "Greenhouse Effect"?
The greenhouse effect refers to the role played by gases which effectively trap energy from the Sun in the Earth's atmosphere. Without them, the planet would be too cold to sustain life as we know it.
The most important of these gases in the natural greenhouse effect is water vapor, but concentrations of that are changing little and it plays almost no role in modem human-induced greenhouse warming.
Other greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane (甲烷) and nitrous (含氮的) oxide, which are released by modern industry, agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels. Their concentration in the atmosphere is increasing—the concentration of carbon dioxide has risen by more than 30% since 1800.
The majority of climate scientists accept the theory that an increase in these gases will cause a rise in the Earth's temperature.
What Is the Evidence of Warming?
Temperature records go back to the late 19th century and show that the global average temperature increased by about 0.6℃ in the 20th century.
Sea levels have risen 10～20 cm—thought to be caused mainly by the expansion of warming oceans.
Most glaciers in temperate regions of the world and along the Antarctic Peninsula are in retreat, and records show Arctic sea-ice has thinned by 40% in recent decades in summer and autumn.
There are anomalies (异常) however—parts of. the Antarctic appear to be getting colder, and there are discrepancies between trends in surface temperatures and those in the troposphere(对流层) (the lower portion of the atmosphere).
How Much Will Temperatures Rise?
If nothing is done to reduce emissions, current climate models predict a global temperature increase of 1.4～5.8℃ by 2100.
Even if we cut greenhouse gas emissions dramatically now, scientists say the effects would continue because parts of the climate system, particularly large bodies of water and ice, can take hundreds of years to respond to changes in temperature. It also takes greenhouse gases in the atmosphere decades to break down.
It is possible that we have already irrevocably(不可撤回地) committed the Greenland ice sheet to melting, which would cause an estimated 7m rise in sea level. There are also indications that the west Antarctic ice sheet may have begun to melt. though scientists caution further research is necessary.
How Will the Weather Change?
Globally, we can expect more extreme weather events, with heat waves becoming hotter and more frequent. Scientists predict more rainfall overall, but say the risk of thought in inland areas during hot summers will increase. More flooding is expected from storms and rising sea levels.
There are, however, likely to be very strong regional variations in these patterns, and these ere difficult to predict.
What Will the Effects Be?
The potential impact is huge, with predicted freshwater shortages, sweeping changes in food production conditions, and increases in deaths from floods, storms, heat waves and droughts. Poorer countries, which are least equipped to deal with rapid change, will suffer most.
Plant and animal extinctions are predicte
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第2题
Scientists predict increasing droughts, floods and extreme weather and say there is growing evidence that human activities are to blame.
What Is Climate Change?
The planet's climate is constantly changing. The global average temperature is currently in the region of 15℃. Geological and other evidence suggests that, in the past, this average may have been as high as 27℃ and as low as 7℃.
But scientists are concerned that the natural fluctuation (波动) has been overtaken by a rapid human-induced warming that has serious implications for the stability of the climate on which much life on the planet depends.
What Is the "Greenhouse Effect"?
The greenhouse effect refers to the role played by gases which effectively trap energy from the Sun in the Earth's atmosphere. Without them, the planet would be too cold to sustain life as we know it.
The most important of these gases in the natural greenhouse effect is water vapor, but concentrations of that are changing little and it plays almost no role in modern human-induced greenhouse warming.
Other greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane (甲烷) and nitrous (含氮的) oxide, which arc released by modern industry, agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels. Their concentration in the atmosphere is increasing-the concentration of carbon dioxide has risen by more than 30% since 1800.
The majority of climate scientists accept the theory that an increase in these gases will cause a rise in the Earth's temperature.
What Is the Evidence of Warming?
Temperature records go back to the late 19th century and show that the global average temperature increased by about 0.6℃ in the 20th century.
Sea levels have risen 10～20 cm-thought to be caused mainly by the expansion of warming oceans.
Most glaciers in temperate regions of the world and along the Antarctic Peninsula are in retreat, and records show Arctic sea-ice has thinned by 40% in recent decades in summer and autumn.
There are anomalies (异常) however-parts of the Antarctic appear to be getting colder, and there are discrepancies between trends in surface temperatures and those in the troposphere(对流层) (the lower portion of the atmosphere).
How Much Will Temperatures Rise?
If nothing is done to reduce emissions, current climate models predict a global temperature increase of 1.4～5.8℃ by 2100.
Even if we cut greenhouse gas emissions dramatically now, scientists say the effects would continue because parts of the climate system, particularly large bodies of water and ice, can take hundreds of years to respond to changes in temperature. It also takes greenhouse gases in the atmosphere decades to break down.
It is possible that we have already irrevocably(不可撤回地) committed the Greenland ice sheet to melting, which would cause an estimated 7m rise in sea level. There are also indications that the west Antarctic ice sheet may have begun to melt, though scientists caution further research is necessary.
How Will the Weather Change?
Globally, we can expect more extreme weather events, with heat waves becoming hotter and more frequent. Scientists predict more rainfall overall, but say the risk of drought in inland areas during hot summers will increase. More flooding is expected from storms and rising sea levels.
There are, however, likely to be very strong regional variations in these patterns, and these are difficult to predict.
What Will the Effects Be?
The potential impact is huge, with predicted freshwater shortages, sweeping changes in food production conditions, and increases in deaths from floods, storms, heat waves and droughts. Poorer countries, which are least equipped to deal with rapid change, will suffer most.
Plant and animal ex
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第3题
Theory, though, does not always translate into practice, and just as governments have committed themselves to the greater use of biofuels, questions are being raised about how green this form. of energy really is. The latest comes from the International Council for Science (ICSU) based in Paris.
The ICSU report concludes that, so far, the production of biofuels has aggravated rather than ameliorated global warming. In particular, it supports some controversial findings published in 2007 by Paul Crutzen of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Germany. Dr. Crutzen concluded that most analyses had underestimated the importance to global warming of a gas called nitrous oxide (N2nO). The amount of this gas released by farming biofuel crops such as maize and rape probably negates by itself any advantage offered by reduced emissions of CO2n.
Although N2nO is not common in the Earth’s atmosphere, it is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2n and it hangs around longer. The result is that, over the course of a century, its ability to warm the planet is almost 300 times that of an equivalent mass of CO2n.
N2nO is made by bacteria that live in soil and water and, these days, their raw material is often the nitrogen-rich fertiliser that modern farming requires. Since the 1960s the amount of fertiliser used by farmers has increased sixfold, and not all of that extra nitrogen ends up in their crops. Maize, in particular, is described by experts in the field as a “nitrogen-leaky” plant because it has shallow roots and takes up nitrogen for only a few months of the year. This would make maize (which is one of the main sources of biofuel) a particularly bad contributor to global N2nO emissions.
But it is not just biofuels that are to blame. The ICSU report suggests N2nO emissions in general are probably more important than had been realised. Previous studies, including those by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a United Nations-appointed body of experts, may have miscalculated their significance — and according to Adrian Williams of Cranfield University, in Britain, even the IPCC’s approach suggests that the global-warming potential of most of Britain’s annual crops is dominated by N2nO emissions.
Biofuels are appreciated by governments because
A．burning biofuels does not add CO2n to the atmosphere.
B．biofuels can slow down the pace of global warming.
C．biofuels is a promising and profitable form. of green energy.
D．burning biofuels discharges less N2nO than burning oils.
第4题
A．He lent her his extra pen.
B．He offered her a pencil.
C．He was afraid of losing his pen.
D．He said he didn"t have any extra ink.
第5题
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.
听力原文： Mrs. Jones was very fond of singing. She had a very good, voice, except that some of her high notes tended to sound like a gate which someone had forgotten to oil. Mrs. Jones was very conscious of this weakness, and took every opportunity she could find to practice these high notes. As she lived in a small house, where she could not practice without disturbing the rest of the family, she usually went for long walks along the country reads whenever she had time, and practiced her high notes there. Whenever she heard a car or a person coming along the road, she stopped and waited until she could no longer be heard before she started practicing again, be- cause she was a shy person, and because she was sensitive about those high notes.
One afternoon, however, a fast open car came behind her so silently that she did not hear it until it was only a few yards away from her. She was singing some of her highest and most difficult notes at the time. As the car passed her, she saw an anxious expression suddenly come. over its driver's face. He put his brakes on violently, and as soon as the car stopped, he jumped out and began to examine his tires carefully.
Mrs. Jones dared not tell him what the noise he had heard had really been, so he got back into his car and drove off, as puzzled as he had been when he stopped.
(27)
A．She often practices taking notes.
B．She often practices oiling the gate.
C．She often practices singing high notes.
D．She often practices overcoming her weakness.
第6题
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.
听力原文： The period of engagement is the time between the marriage proposal and the wedding ceremony. Two people agree to marry, when they decided to spend their lives together. The man usually gives the woman a diamond engagement ring. That tradition is said to have started when an Austrian man gave a diamond ring to the woman he wanted to marry. The diamond represented beauty. He placed it on the third finger of her left hand. He chose that finger because it was thought that the blood vessel in that finger went directly to the heart. Today we know that this is not true, yet the tradition continues.
Americans generally are engaged for a period of about one year, if they are planning a wedding ceremony and a party. During this time, friends of the bride may hold a party at which women friends and family members give the bride gifts that she will need as a wife. These could include cooking equipment or new clothing. Friends of the man who is getting married may have a bachelor party for him. This usually takes place the night before the wedding. Only men are invited to the bachelor party.
During the marriage ceremony, the bride and her would-be husband usually exchange gold rings that represent the idea that their union will continue forever. The wife often wears both the wedding ring and the engagement ring on the same finger. The husband wears his ring on the third finger on his left hand. Many people say the purpose of the engagement period is to permit enough time to plan the wedding. But the main purpose is to let enough time pass so the two people are sure that they want to marry each other. Either person may decide to break the engagement, if this happens, the woman usually returns the ring to the man. They also return any wedding gifts they have received.
(27)
A．Beauty
B．Loyalty
C．Luck
D．Durability
第7题
As petrol prices rise, policy makers and venture capitalists are suddenly embracing alternatives. Will the trend last?
Reasons for the change
In his long career in country music, Willie Nelson has always been on the left side of all things. Now, at 73, he is in the vanguard. Mr. Nelson, who lives on a big farm outside Austin, powers his car with the help of vegetable oil. He has even created his own line of this cleaner-burning diesel blend (混合柴油). He called it "BioWillie", which is distributed at several sites in Texas and is going national, too. Mr. Nelson argues that it will help America's farmers, truckers and the environment while, at the same time, reducing dependence on foreign petroleum.
With high petrol prices causing troubles in Washington, D.C., everyone is trying to find out alternatives. Soya beans, canola (rapeseed), switch grass, anything, is being investigated~ Even George Bush, a former oilman who supports loyally the industrial development, called last week for more research into ethanol (酒精) and bio-diesel-two key types of bio-fuels (生物燃料) and boldly predicted that "ethanol will replace gasoline consumption". Jim Woolsey, a former head of the CIA notes that developing bio-fuels is in the national interest, since it is high time America stopped its reliance on petroleum from foreign countries and so stopped funding some fanatical religious organizations.
Future: convenience and pains
The federal government is beginning to formulate policy to promote the use of bio-fuels. In Montana, Hawaii and Minnesota all petrol must contain 10% ethanol, while Washington State requires petrol and diesel to contain 2% renewable fuel by volume. For both ethanol and bio-diesel, Congress has required a near-doubling of production by 2012. Both blends, notes Mr. Woolsey approvingly, need little new infrastructure to support them (unlike, say, hydrogen fuel-cell cars). Ethanol can be dispensed at regular petrol stations and works, within limits, in today's cars. Bio-diesel fuelling stations, such as those for BioWillie, are popping up around America.
Unfortunately for Mr. Bush's political fortunes, a bio-fuels revolution will not happen in time to ease America's current pain at the pump. Right now, ethanol--a clean-burning, high-octane alcohol typically derived from com in America, or sugar in Brazil--accounts for just 3% of America's petrol use, though American cars can handle a 10% ethanol blend. Bio-diesel is used even less.
Moreover, ethanol is typically blended with regular fuel, and a widespread shift to an ethanol blend (a result of another provision of last year's energy bill) has contributed to some petrol shortages in Texas and elsewhere, as the supply chain creaks into life. Skeptics argue that growing crops for ethanol will bum more petrol than it will save.
But others are persuaded, despite the pains at the beginning stage. "If I had to bet $100, I'd bet on bio-fuels," says Hunter Lovins, co-author of" Natural Capitalism", adding that she would favor them even over other renewable energy sources. Rich investors also believe as growth. Richard Branson, a British entrepreneur who heads the Virgin conglomerate, recently announced plans to invest up to $400 in ethanol production.
Growing production?
Can production be scaled up? A recent bioengineering breakthrough means that it should soon be possible to convert plant products far more efficiently to ethanol. This lends promise to cellulosic ethanol— a product that can be made from agricultural "waste", such as corn cobs or weeds, which is widely available. (Once corn kernels and sugar-cane sap have been taken away for sugar, they leave plenty of stalks and leaves behind.) The most promising source of cellulosic ethanol, say experts, is switch grass, a native American grass that grows naturally in the prairie he
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第8题
real estate agents who will help you find a house to
rent. But they may charge a fixed number of money, 【S2】______
such as a month's rent or a percentage of the year's
rent, to help you find a place. Some companies pay the
amounts for their workers; others do not. If you have a
work in the United States, be certain that you ask 【S3】______
if your company will pay for this service or not 【S4】_______
after you sign any papers with a real estate agent. You 【S5】_______
can also find a house by yourself by noticing "For Rent"
signs and following newspaper advertisement. The sign
will list a telephone number for you to call.
When you rent a house, in addition to the rent,
you will generally be expected to pay for what we called 【S6】_____
utilities gas and electricity, heat and hot water
besides for simple electrical and other repairs. 【S7】______
However, this is a good idea to be sure what the rent 【S8】______
does and docs not include. As there is often the case 【S9】______
with most house rentals, you will probably be expected
to have certain demands for the care of the house, such 【S10】______
as grass-cutting and snow removal. For example, in
most cities, you, not the city, are responsible for
clearing the walk of snow in front of the house within a
few hours after each snowfall.
【S1】
第9题
For example, an atom of radioactive rubidium decays to form. an atom of strontium (another element) by converting a neutron in its nucleus to a proton and releasing an electron, generating energy in the process. The radiogenic daughter products of the decay-in this case strontium atoms--diffuse away and are lost above a certain very high temperature. So by measuring the exact proportions of rubidium and strontium atoms that are present in a mineral, researchers can work out how long it has been since the mineral cooled below that critical "blocking" temperature. The main problems with this dating method are the difficulty in finding minerals containing rubidium, the accuracy with which the proportions of rubidium and strontium are measured, and the fact that the method gives only the date when the mineral last cooled below the blocking temperature. Because the blocking temperature is very high, the method is used, mainly for recrystallized (igneous or metamorphic) rocks, not for sediments--rubidium-bearing minerals in sediments simply record the age of cooling of the rocks which were eroded to form. the sediments, not the age of deposition of the sediments themselves.
Potassium decays to form. (a gas) which is sometimes lost from its host mineral by escaping through pores. Although potassium-argon dating is therefore rather unreliable, it can sometimes be useful in dating sedimentary rocks because potassium is common in some minerals which form. in sediments at low temperatures. Assuming no argon has escaped, the potassium-argon date records the age of the sediments themselves.
Carbon dating is mainly used in archaeology. Most carbon atoms (carbon-12) are stable and do not change over time. However, cosmic radiation bombarding the upper atmospheres constantly interacting with nitrogen in the atmosphere to create an unstable form. of carbon, carbon-14.
What is the common feature of rubidium, potassium and carbon?
A．They can be made into clocks.
B．They are rich in content.
C．Their decay is slow but regular.
D．The products of their decay are the same.
第10题
For example, an atom of radioactive rubidium decays to form. an atom of strontium (another element) by converting a neutron in its nucleus to a proton and releasing an electron, generating energy in the process. The radiogenic daughter products of the decay-in this case strontium atoms--diffuse away and are lost above a certain very high temperature. So by measuring the exact proportions of rubidium and strontium atoms that are present in a mineral, researchers can work out how long it has been since the mineral cooled below that critical "blocking" temperature. The main problems with this dating method are the difficulty in finding minerals containing rubidium, the accuracy with which the proportions of rubidium and strontium are measured, and the fact that the method gives only the date when the mineral last cooled below the blocking temperature. Because the blocking temperature is very high, the method is used, mainly for recrystallized (igneous or metamorphic) rocks, not for sediments--rubidium-bearing minerals in sediments simply record the age of cooling of the rocks which were eroded to form. the sediments, not the age of deposition of the sediments themselves.
Potassium decays to form. (a gas) which is sometimes lost from its host mineral by escaping through pores. Although potassium-argon dating is therefore rather unreliable, it can sometimes be useful in dating sedimentary rocks because potassium is common in some minerals which form. in sediments at low temperatures. Assuming no argon has escaped, the potassium-argon date records the age of the sediments themselves.
Carbon dating is mainly used in archaeology. Most carbon atoms (carbon-12) are stable and do not change over time. However, cosmic radiation bombarding the upper atmospheres constantly interacting with nitrogen in the atmosphere to create an unstable form. of carbon, carbon-14.
What is the common feature of rubidium, potassium and carbon?
A．They can be made into clocks.
B．They are rich in content.
C．Their decay is slow but regular.
D．The products of their decay are the same.
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