Miguel quería insvribirse en el curso del mes que viene.（）

听力原文：Welcome to our series on renewable resources. The topic today is hydropower. As you most probably know, 'hydro' means water—so we are talking about using water to generate electricity. Of course, there are many ways to generate electricity but hydropower is important to the community, firstly and obviously, because it's renewable. The earth's hydrologic cycle of constant evaporation and transpiration provides a continual supply of water from rainfall and snowmelt. The second point to consider is its efficiency. Hydropower plants are able to convert approximately 90% of the energy from the falling water into electric energy whereas many fossil-fuelled plants lose more than half of the energy content of their fuel by way of waste heat and gases. For this reason they are very efficient.

Hydropower is also clean. It doesn't emit harmful gases that contribute to air pollution, acid rain, and global warming. No trucks, trains or pipelines are needed to bring fuel to the site and there's no noise pollution either. Furthermore, hydropower plant machinery is fairly simple and runs at slow speeds, which makes it reliable and durable. And, hydropower units are flexible also—they have the ability to start quickly and adjust rapidly to changes in demand for electricity, thus enabling them to meet peak loads. But this also allows them to serve as reserve capacity and bring more stability to the power system overall.

The dams that provide hydroelectric power also have other uses such as navigation, flood damage reduction, water supply, recreation, irrigation and low flow augmentation but it's not the purpose of this talk to go into those details.

How do the hydropower plants work? Well, a dam is built across a river which captures water to form. a reservoir and raises the water level to create 'head'. Think of 'head' as the vertical distance that the water falls as it passes through the dam, in other words, the difference in water level between the reservoir behind the dam and the river below. Water from the reservoir flows through an intake gate into a penstock—this is kind of a narrow channel which leads to the turbine below. The force of the water causes the turbine to rotate rapidly which, in turn, drives the generator to spin and produce electricity. The electricity is carried the long distances from the powerhouse to substations on the outskirts of cities via power lines.

Can you build a hydropower unit on any river? Well, no, just having water in a river isn't enough. A good dam site must have enough stream flow as well as enough head. A fast flowing river on the plains is probably not suitable because a dam couldn't be built high enough to provide the head needed for efficient production of electricity. On the other hand, dams in arid high country may have plenty of head but insufficient stream flow. The perfect spot for a hydropower plant is where the right combination of stream flow and head exists.

What about the environment? Surely the construction of large dams has an environmental impact? Well, yes it does. Certainly dams and reservoirs are built to improve the lives of people living in towns, farming communities and cities. But there must be a balance between development and preserving the natural environment. Needless to say, the natural river environment is changed which leads to changes in river ecology and aquatic habitat. Sometimes, for example, dissolved oxygen levels below dams get so low in summer that there is a negative impact on aquatic life. These levels can be improved, however, by using special aerating turbines and/or injecting oxygen directly into the stream flow. In order to protect and improve the habitat for endangered and other species of birds, fish and water life, there needs to be a thorough review of operating plans to see if a better balance can be achieved.

Hydropower plant design and operation must not only meet the needs of consumers for electricity but work hand-in-hand with agencies whose concern is for the fish and wildlife, water quality and water supply.

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Hydropower

Renewable—constant source (31) from natural hydrologic cyde

(32) —90% of hydro energy→electricity

Clean—no air or (33) pollution

(34) & curable—simple to operate

Flexible—can startadapt quickly to meet demand→leads to (35) of power supply.

(31)

Because of the complexity of the modern machine, most offices require secretaries ______.

A．to have specified training

B．specified in training

C．to train specifiedly

D．training specified

Because of the complexity of the modern machine, most offices require secretaries ________.

A．to have specified training

B．specified in traing

C．to train specifiedly

D．training specified

A hurricane (飓风) is a powerful, rotating storm that forms over warm oceans near the equator. Hurricanes have strong, rotating winds, a huge amount of rain, low air【C1】______, thunder and lightning.

Hurricane winds【C2】______ in a counterclockwise spiral (螺旋状) around the calm, roughly【C3】______ center called the eye. in the eye,【C4】______ is roughly 20 to 30 miles wide, it is relatively calm and there is【C5】______ or no rain. The eye is the warmest part of the storm. Surrounding the eye is the eyewall, a wall of thunderclouds. The eyewall has the most rain and the strongest winds of the storm.【C6】______ rotating with wind speeds of at least 74 mph, a hurricane travels【C7】______ slowly across the ocean or land, usually【C8】______ about 20 to 25 mph. Long spiral rainbands (bands of rain clouds)【C9】______ to spiral inward to the eyewall. Hurricanes can be hundreds of miles【C10】______.

If this type of storm【C11】______ in the western Pacific Ocean, it is called a typhoon.

The exact location of a hurricane is easily【C12】______ by scientists, using satellite photos and radar.【C13】______ the direction, speed, and【C14】______ of a storm can change quickly,【C15】______ exactly where a storm will travel in the future is not easy.

Hurricanes can travel from the ocean to the coast and on to land,【C16】______ the wind, rain, and huge waves may cause extensive【C17】______. Generally, when a hurricane moves over land (or over cold ocean waters), the storm begins to【C18】______ and quickly【C19】______ because the storm is【C20】______ by warm water.

【C1】

A．movement

B．temperature

C．pressure

D．speed

Weather

Nov. 1 MIDDAY

t=thunder, fg=fog, s=sun, sn=snow, f=fair, c=cloud, r=rain

place C F

Alexandria 24 75 s

Amst'dm 10 50 r

Belgrade 6 43 f

Berlin 7 45 f

Bermuda 21 70 r

Brussels 9 48 s

Budapest 5 41 f

B Aires 12 54 fg

Cairo 24 75 f

Cape Tn 16 61 f

Chicago 6 43 s

Cologne 25 77 s

Dublin 9 48 c

Dubrovnik 11 52 c

Faro 22 72 f

Florence 15 59 f

Frankfurt 7 45 c

Geneva 7 45 c

Gibraltar 23 73 f

Helsinki 0 32 sn

Hong Kong 17 63 c

Istanbul 15 59 s

Jo'burg 19 66

A．Cape Town.

B．Gibraltar

C．Tenerife

D．B Aires