In any industry in which repeat business is done with the same parties, there is always a

Many of us would think those working in a public relations firm is the same with those working in advertising. This notion is understandable since these two industries are closely related to each other. They are both primarily concerned about the promotion of a company's sales of products or services. The biggest difference may lie in the fact that advertising aims at selling more, while the point of public relations is to make the public think favorably about the company and its offerings.

Aside from the means of advertising, public relation can also use news releases, press conferences, speaking engagements, and community service programs to reach its goal. All this is done so that the public would view the organization in a way that it wants to be perceived.

Another difference is that public relation is more of a two-way communication. It not only communicates to the public, collecting the views from the public is also one important part in the PR's agenda. By doing so, the organization would have a clear idea to find out the gap between the ideal image and the reality. And then efforts can be made to lessen this gap.

Many small business owners opt to handle the public relations issues themselves, while others choose to hire a public relations specialist. The in-house public relations department and the external PR agencies both have their own advantages. For example, a PR department within a company has a deeper understanding about the structure, target audience, and the products/ services of the organization and it can also devote all its attention to the organization it is in. While on the other hand, a specialized agency could handle all these issues more professionally, And since a specialized agency deals with PR issues for different organizations, it would easily create some new opportunities and programs for the organization.

Some specialists give a thought-provoking perspective on this issue: public relations should be taken care of in the public interest. From this perspective, organizations attempt to generate good will and position themselves as responsible citizens through a variety of programs conducted in the public interest. Consumer education as well as various other public interest programs belongs to this category.

In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ______ .

A．justifying an assumption

B．referring to a general understanding

C．explaining a phenomenon

D．making a comparison

In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, (就像孩子必须在能够移动他的双手和双脚以后才能学会走路一样，)the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning". An individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with other people and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.

1.The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ______.

A.give parents some advice on how to bring up children

B.debate with psychologists on people's positive and negative feelings

C.teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotions

D.inform. the general reader of two basic processes of modifying emotions through learning

2.In classical conditioning, a child learns to ______.

A.associate one event with a reward or punishment

B.do things that produce rewards

C.receive a reward when he feel happy

D.recognize his mother's face and voice

3.Which of the following is a case of “operant conditioning”?

A.Children learn to do things that produce punishment.

B.The baby feels happy when he sees his mother's face.

C.Children learn to mix with others by reading, watching TV and so forth.

D.The baby increases his crying because his mother attends to him whenever he cries.

4.The underlined word “fashion” can be replaced by “______”.

A.vogue

B.route

C.manner

D.fate

5.According to the passage, positive feelings include ______.

A.care, association, and nice person

B.joy, happiness, and friendliness

C.comfort, cares, and anger

D.reading, watching TV, and interacting with others

Lifetime Employment in Japanese Companies

In most large Japanese companies, there is a policy of lifetime employment. What this means is that when people leave school or university to join an enterprise, they can expect or remain with that organization until they retire. In effect, the employee gets job security for life, and can only be fired for serious mistakes in work. Even in times of business recession, he or she is free from the fear of being laid off.

One result of this practice is that the Japanese worker identifies closely with his company and feels strong loyalty to it. By working hard for the company, he believes he is safeguarding his own future. It is not surprising that devotion to one's company is considered a great virtue in Japan. A man is often prepared to put his firm's interests before those of his immediate family.

The job security guaranteed by this system influences the way employees approach their work. They tend to think in terms of what they can achieve throughout their career. This is because they are not judged on how they are performing during a short period of time. They can afford to take a longer perspective than their western counterparts.

This marriage between the employee and the company--the consequence of lifetime employment-- may explain why Japanese workers seem positively to love the products their company is producing and why they are willing to stay on after work, for little overtime pay, to participate in earnest discussions about the quality control of their products.

Lifetime employment in the Japanese company perhaps means that the employee can make serious mistakes in work.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

In English, the color green is associated with jealousy, which is sometimes jokingly called " the green-eyed monster". But its no joke when jealousy【C1】______your life. Jealousy often consists【C2】______a combination of emotions such as anger, resentment, inadequacy, helplessness and disgust. So far, psychologists have proposed several models of the processes【C3】______ jealousy and have identified some factors that would possibly【C4】______this emotion. Jealousy is often【C5】______as a series of particularly strong emotions and constructed as a【C6】______human experience.【C7】______jealousy is a normal, healthy emotion: its part of what makes us tick. Who hasnt experienced sibling rivalry or felt【C8】______when their partner spends time with other people? Feeling jealous helps us【C9】______our loved ones and protect our important relationships. But for a small number of us, extreme jealousy【C10】______lead to obsessive behavior. like stalking. It can also cause【C11】______, destroy relationships and even kill their lovers. Now researchers in Italy believe theyve found the area of the brain【C12】______for obsessive jealousy, which is called Othellos syndrome,【C13】______the Shakespeare character who kills his wife because of jealousy. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex is just above the forehead. This is the part of the brain which【C14】______emotions, including thinking about those we love. But【C15】______, we use this part of the brain to【C16】______ scenarios of losing our loved ones, and thinking about【C17】______we would feel if that happened. Obsessively jealous people spend too much time【C18】______on these scenarios. For them, losing their relationships seems like the end of the world. Now many scientists go【C19】______ for investigating medicines which could help treat people suffering from this devastating condition.【C20】______, eliminating jealousy is not a quick process. It is a gradual process that requires work, self-reflection, patience, and persistence.

【C1】

A．takes over

B．gets over

C．looks over

D．falls over

in any way

expect to

come up with

on board

be likely

1.If there were extraterrestrial lives on Mars, we would __________ find some forms of water on that planet. 2.The police claimed that the suicide bombing was not connected to terrorists __________. 3.Only one passenger who was __________ the plane that day was willing to appear in court as a witness of the accident. 4.Scientists will have to _________ new methods of increasing the world’s food supply. 5.As the local government was making efforts to create more jobs, it ________ that the unemployment rate would fell in a few months.

A faraway friend is someone you grew up with or went to school with or lived in the same town as until one of you moved away.Wwithout a faraway friend, you would never get any mail addressed in handwriting .A faraway friend calls late at night, invites you to her wedding, always says she is coming to visit but rarely shows up.An actual visit from a faraway friend i a cause for celebration andbinges of all kinds.

Faraway friends go through phases of intense communication,then may be out of touch for many months.Either way, the connection is always there.A conversation with your faraway friend always helps to put your life in perspective: When you feel you' ve hit adead end, come to a confusing fork in the road, the advice of the faraway friend—who has the big picture, who is so well cquainted with the route that brought you to this place—is indispensable.

Another useful function of the faraway friend is to help you remember things from a long time ago, like the name of your seventh grade history teacher, what was in that really good stir-fry, or exactly what happened that night on the boat with the guys from Florida.

Ah, the former friend.A sad thing.At best a wistful memory, at worst a dangerous enemy who is in possession of many of your deepest secrets.But what was it that drove you apart? A misunderstanding, a betrayed confidence, an unrepaid loan, an ill-conceived firtation.A poor choice of spouse can do in a friendship just like that.Going into business together can be a serious mistake.Time, money.distance, cult religions:all noted friendship killers.You quit doing drugs, you' re not such good friends with your dealer anymore.

And lest we forget,there are the friends you love to hate.They call at inopportune times.They say stupid things.They butt in, theyboss you around, they embarrass you in public, they invite themselves over.They take advantage.You' ve done the best you can, but they need professional help.On top of all this, they love you to death and are convinced they’re your best friend on the planet.So why do you continue to be involved with these people? Why do you tolerate them? 0n the contrary, the real question is, what would you do without them? Without friends you love to hate, there would be nothing to talk about with your other friends.Their problems and their irritating stunts provide a reliable source of conversation for everyone they know.What' s more, friends you love tohate make you feel good about yourself, since you are obviously in so much better shape than they are.No matter what these people do, you will never get rid of them.As much as they need you, you need them too.

At the other end of the spectrum are hero friends.These people are better than the rest of us, that’ sall there is to it.Their career issomething you wanted to be when you grew up—painter,forest ranger, tireless doer of good.They have beautiful homes filled withspecial handmade things presented to them by villagers in the remote areas they have visited in their extensive travels.'et they aremodest.They never gossip.They are always helping others, especally those who have suffered a death in the family or an illness.You would think people like this would just make you sick, but somehow they don’ t.

A new friend is a tonic unlike any other.Say you meet her at a party.In your bowling league.At a Japanese conversation class, perhaps.Wherever, whenever, there’ s that spark of recognition.The first time you talk, you can’ t believe how much you have in common.Suddenly, your life story is interesting again, your insights fresh, your opinion valued.Your various shortcomings are as.yet completely invisible.。

lt’ s almost like falling in love.

51.According to the author, why is the former friend a sad thing_____.

A.Because you and your former friend separate for various reasons.

B.Because the former friend always becomes an enemy.

C.Because the later friend always becomes an enemy.

D.Because he is not a good spouse.

52.You love to hate some friends because______.

A.they think they’re your best friends.

B.they don’t regard you as a friend

C.they always do something that bother you

D.they love you to death

53.Why do you tolerate the friends you love to hate_____.

A.Because you need them as much as they need you.

B.Because you can do without them.

C.Because you can get rid of them whenever you want.

D.Because they make you a better person.

54.What is NOT true about hero friends_____.

A.They are better than the rest of us.

B.They make you sick.

c.They are modest.

D.They are always helping others.

55.A new friend_____.

A.is like an old friend.

B.respects your opinion and ignores your shortcomings.

C.has little in common with you.

D.points out your mistakes directly.