It is possible to find a single force which will produce the same effect as is produced by the simultaneous action of the given forces.

For centuries the smoking of tobacco in cigarettes, cigars, and pipes has produced controversy over possible health hazards, but only since the 1950s has sufficient scientific evidence accumulated to make possible a thorough evaluation of the health risk. Scientific investigation of the relationship of smoking and health gained impetus after the beginning of the 20th century, then an increase in lung cancer was noted. As the use of tobacco increased, studies improved. (47)Although some gaps in knowledge still exist, the information now available is sufficient to permit making sound judgments, based on the converging lines of evidence. (48)Investigators have directed their principal consideration to cigarette smoking because the health consequences attributed to it far exceed those due to smoking cigars and pipes. The widespread popularity of cigarettes is comparatively recent in mans use of tobacco. The smoking pattern began to change at the beginning of the 20th century. Since then, cigarettes have steadily become more popular than cigars and pipes. (49)In the United States. per capita cigarette consumption—calculated for all persons 15 years of age and older, regardless of whether they smoked—rose from 49 per year in 1900 to 3,888 in 1960. Per capita consumption of cigars, pipe tobacco, and chewing tobacco declined sharply in the same period. Data presented in 1966 indicated a sharp reduction in cigarette smoking in the United States for men under the age of 55 with the trend continuing to 1970. Further increase in cigarette consumption for women of all ages was reported in 1966 and no further increase was noted 1966 and 1970. However, in 1970 overall per capita cigarette consumption rose. By 1962 the Royal College of Physicians of London reported:" Cigarette smoking is a cause of lung cancer and bronchitis, and various other less common diseases. It delays healing of gastric and duodenal ulcers". Some scientists, however, expressed dissenting opinions. The most widely publicized report in the United States was issued in 1964 by the Surgeon Generals Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health. (50)The principal judgment in the committees 150,000-word report was: "Cigarette smoking is a health hazard of sufficient importance in the United States to warrant appropriate remedial action". The smokers of pipes and cigars were found to incur less health risk. However, the incidence of cancer and heart disease among them was found to be greater than among nonsmokers.

Year after year a dedicated Swedish chemist worked to find a substance which, when【C1】______nitroglycerine (硝化甘油), would make explosives safer to handle【C2】______weakening their force. He had a personal【C3】______scientific reason to pursue his search, because his【C4】______brother had been killed when a can of nitroglycerine【C5】______exploded. The oily liquid had been 【C6】______for so many disasters that its【C7】______ had finally been outlawed by many countries.

While【C8】______a new formula one morning, the doctor broke a test tube and gashed (划开) his finger. He was daubing (涂搽) the【C9】______with collodion (火棉胶), a coating solution of gun-cotton dissolved in ether-alcohol (乙醚),【C10】______the idea struck him —mix collodion with the nitroglycerine!【C11】______was the answer. The new mixture,【C12】______blasting gelatine (爆胶), was not only【C13】______safe to handle as dynamite, but it was also one-and-a-half times more powerful! In fact, so powerful 【C14】______ that it paved the way for a whole new【C15】______in construction and engineering. Mines were【C16】______, roads were built, and canals were cut at a speed once【C17】______impossible. It had another use, also —death and destruction in warfare. Its inventor had believed that the power of his new【C18】______ would so awe the military mind that it would actually be a deterrent (威慑物) to war.【C19】______it became a weapon that brought death to millions of soldiers and【C20】______.

【C1】

A．mixing with

B．mixed with

C．was mixing with

D．was mixed with

The Importance of Agriculture

The development of agriculture and the balance between food and population are China’s fundamental economic problems. The classical histories praise emperors for devotion to agriculture and much of China’s modern history is (46) , which has been growing steadily.

Today, although agriculture accounts for only a quarter of the Gross National Product, it is still the main determinant of the standard of living and the principal occupation of at least 70 percent of the population.

Agriculture also (47) because industry needs both agricultural raw materials and food for its work force. The failure of agriculture to supply raw materials and food halted and later reversed the industrial progress of the 1950’s. After 1960 new emphasis was placed on agriculture, and the slogan “Agriculture is the foundation of the economy” has remained a central Chinese economic policy ever since.

(48) , there is an indirect link due to the relationship between agriculture and foreign trade. Many of China’s exports are (49) or consumer goods based on them. Flourishing agriculture, therefore, promotes exports. It also reduces the need to spend foreign exchange on imports of grain and cotton, therefore (50) .

A. determines the progress of industry

B. the story of the unfolding struggle to feed a peasant population

C. either agricultural raw materials

D. enlarging the capacity of the economy to import machinery and commodities for industry

E. In addition to the direct links between agriculture and industry

F. thus promoting both import and export

(46)

According to this article, it is clear that the force of the moon

A．is not as important as that of the wind

B．is less than half as much as the sun

C．causes the alternate rise and fall of the surface of the seas

D．does not influence the rise and fall of the surface of the seas

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A．The world has to face the fact that it is running out of space to put its trash.

B．Having no space to dump the garbage forces some countries to begin recycling programs.

C．Recycling was once unfavorably considered as a counter culture activity.

D．We have to admit that recycling of the garbage will never move into the mainstream.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A．The world has to face the fact that it is running out of space to put its trash.

B．Having no space to dump the garbage forces some countries to begin recycling programs.

C．Recycling was once unfavorably considered as a counter culture activity.

D．We have to admit that recycling of the garbage will never move into the mainstream.

Home Is Where the Hurt Is

Being forced into flight totally disrupts the lives of the internally displaced, exactly as it does to refugees. But unlike many refugees, the world's millions of internally displaced persons often have nowhere to turn. They remain trapped in the same unsafe environment from which they tried to flee. In situations of internal strife(冲突), by definition, the civilian government functions partially or not at all; and the civilian population is ignored or treated with hostility by both sides.

A definition submitted to the U.N. Commission on Human Rights defines the internally displaced as "persons or groups of persons who have been forced to flee their homes or places of habitual residence suddenly or unexpectedly as a result of armed conflict, internal strife, systematic violations of human rights or natural or man-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border."

Today, there are an estimated 30 million internally displaced people in the world double the number of refugees. In many places, they are all but forgotten by the international community.

Although there are few refugees in Latin America, there are up to 3 million internally displaced persons in the region, including as many as 480,000 in Peru and 600,000 in Colombia. In both countries, a combination of political and socio-economic factors, such as excessively unequal income distribution, drug-trafficking and heavy involvement of the army in the political scene, have resulted in high levels of violence and a climate that fosters human rights abuses. Whether manifested as an ongoing conflict between the armed forces and the armed opposition (the case of Peru), or a constant armed struggle between rebel and paramilitary groups (the case Of Columbia), violence has caused the displacement of hundreds of thousands of rural peasants and native people. The internally displaced often lead a very stable existence, and they are highly grateful for anyone who pays attention to their plight (a very bad situation that someone is in).

Delia, of Peru's Ashaninka people, has been displaced for the past eight years. Now, homeless and helpless, Delia and her people have to depend on the good will and charity of their remote relatives and of the occasional non-governmental organization (NGO). It has been a struggle for Delia, who has tried to obtain better education facilities for the children and to promote small handicrafts projects. And she tries to shield her community from the surrounding conflict by opposing any involvement with the armed opposition or with the rondas (a civil defense unit that fights against the Sendero). This neutral position, in the context of the conflict, is not a popular one with either side. To their way of thinking, one is either a rondero or a Sendero; there is no middle road.

Women have been the driving force in efforts to maintain some semblance of normal life in the Peruvian Andes. There, hundreds of thousands of people, mostly Quechua speakers, were displaced over the last 10 years. Husbands were "disappeared" or killed, and sons had to join the army. The women had to gather their children and flee to urban centers where they could melt into the poverty-stricken anonymity of a shantytown(以临时搭盖的陋屋为主的地区). Now they live in shacks with no water, no electricity and no sewage system. The children get little schooling and spend long days playing in the dirt. Poverty disease and unemployment make life nearly intolerable. But displaced women have not been idle. They have organized soup kitchens, "mothers' clubs" and handicraft associations to support each other and improve living conditions. Irma, one of the women we talked with thinks that soon she and her sisters will be able to go back home. "But we'd like our government and the world to give us a hand," she said.

Despite the many hardships, the

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

It is possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War is an ancient institution which has existed for at least six thousand years. It was always wicked and usually foolish,but in the past the human race managed to live with it. Modern ingenuity has changed this. Either Man will abolish war,or war will abolish Man. For the present.it is nuclear weapons that cause the gravest danger,but bacteriological or chemical weapons may,before long,offer an even greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons,our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war. To do this,we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way,not as contests of force,in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in massacre,but by arbitration in accordance with agreed principles of law. It is not easy to change age-old mental habits,but this is what must be attempted. There are those who say that the adoption of this or that ideology would prevent war. I believe this to be a profound error. All ideologies are based upon dogmatic assertions which are,at best,doubtful,and at worst,totally false. Their adherents believe in them so fanatically that they are willing to go to war in support of them. The movement of world opinion during the past two years has been very largely such as we can welcome. It has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course very difficult problems remain in the international sphere, but the spirit in which they are being approached is a better one than it was some years ago. It has began to be though,even by the powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die,that negotiations should reach agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be understood that the important conflict nowadays is not between East and West,but between Man and the H-bomb.

This passage implies that war is now_____.

A．more wicked than in the past

B．as wicked as in the past

C．less wicked than in the past

D．what people try to live with