The quality of a batch of drug substances is judged according to product appearance.（）

Drug Abuse

1 The term "drug abuse" most often refers to the use of a drug with such frequency that it causes physical or mental harm to the user or impairs social functioning. Although the term seems to imply that users abuse the drugs they take, in fact, it is themselves or others they abuse by using drugs.

2 Pharmacologists, who study the effects of drugs, classify psychoactive drugs according to what they do to those who take them. Drugs that speed up signals passing through the nervous system, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and produce alertness and arousal and, in higher doses, excitability, and inhibit fatigue and sleep, are called stimulants. Drugs that retard, slow down, or depress signals passing through the central nervous system and produce relaxation, a lowering of anxiety, and, at higher doses, drowsiness and sleep, are called depressants. One distinct kind of depressants are those which dull the mind's perception of pain and in medicine are used as painkillers, or analgesics. These drugs called narcotics.

3 It is not always easy to determine exactly when simple drug use becomes abuse. Thus it is far easier to study who uses illegal psychoactive drugs than it is to study who abuses them. When re searchers describe patterns of drug abuse, then, they usually describe the more general phenomenon of drug use, whether it leads to abuse or not.

4 Drinking on the job is a social and economic problem with a long history. With the growing popularity of illegal drugs in the 1960s and 1970s, it was to be expected that their use in the workplace would emerge as a major issue by the 1980s. Estimates of employee drug use vary greatly, ranging from 10 percent to 25 percent for the proportion of workers who use drugs occasionally on the job. The safe performance of some occupations among them is done by airline pilots in air traffic.

5 From the 1920s until the 1960s, treatment of drug abuse in the United States was practically nonexistent. During this period many officials did not believe that treatment was effective or necessary. Drug abusers and sellers were simply arrested and imprisoned, thereby discouraging use. The dramatic explosion in the use and abuse of a wide range of different drugs during the 1960s demonstrated the weakness of this theory. As a result, two treatment programs were developed during the 1960s.

A. Patterns of drug abuse

B. Treatment

C. Drug testing in the workplace

D. Classification of psychoactive drugs

E. Definition of drug abuse

Paragraph 1 ______.

Which one can help improve doctor's prescribing controlled drugs according to the passage?

A．Train doctors' handwriting because they are too illegible to recognize.

B．Train doctors in remembering patients who are controlled drugs abusers.

C．Give more lectures to doctors about the harm of wrong prescription.

D．Set up regulations on the procedure of prescribing controlled drugs.

Americans this year will swallow 15 000 tons of aspirin, one of the safest and most effective drags invented by man. As the most popular medicine in the world today, it is an effective pain reliever. Its bad effects are relatively mild, and it is cheap.

For millions of people suffering from arthritis, it is the only thing that works. Aspirin, in short, is truly the 20th century wonder drug. It is also the second largest suicide drug and is the leading cause of poisoning among children. It has side effects that, although relatively mild, are largely unrecognized among users.

Although aspirin was first sold by a German company in 1899, it has been around much longer than that. Hippocrates, in ancient Greece, understood the medical value of the leaves and tree bark which today are known to contain salicylates, the chemical in aspirin. During the 19th century, there was a great deal of experimentation in Europe with this chemical, and it led, to the introduction of aspirin. By 1915, aspirin tablets were available in the United States.

A small quantity of aspirin (two five-grain tablets) relieves pain and intimation. It also reduces fever by interfering with 'some of the body' s reactions. Specifically, aspirin seems to slow down the formation of the acids involved in pain and the complex chemical reactions that cause fever. The chemistry of these acids is not fully under stood, but the slowing effect of aspirin is well-known.

A small is very irritating to the stomach lining, and many aspirin takers complain about upset stomach. There is a right way and a wrong way to take aspirin. The best way is to chew the tablets before swallowing them with water, but few people can stand the bitter taste. Some people suggest crushing the tablets in milk or orange juice and drinking that.

In which year was aspirin first sold?

A．This year.

B．1899

C．1915

D．The 19th century.

Which of the following is correct according to the text?

A．Of the criminals arrested in 1970, fifty-seven percent were youths below twenty five of age.

B．Lack of education has little to do with the crime rate.

C．Differences in state laws for death penalty also account for the increase of crime rate.

D．Drug smuggling is the only product of too many shows and reports.

Which of the following is correct according to the text?

A．Of the criminals arrested in 1970, fifty-seven percent were youths below twenty five of age.

B．Lack of education has little to do with the crime rate.

C．Differences in state laws for death penalty also account for the increase of crime rate.

D．Drug smuggling is the only product of too many shows and reports.

听力原文： The first step to stop drug abuse is knowing why people start to use drugs. The reasons people abuse drugs are as different as people are from one to another. But there seems to be one common thread: people seem to take drugs to change the way they feel. They want to feel better or to feel happy or to feel nothing. Sometimes, they want to forget or to remember. People often feel better about the roseleaf when they are under the influence of drugs. But the effects don't last long. Drugs don't solve problems. They just postpone them. No matter how far drugs may take you, it's always around trip. After a while, people who miss drugs may feel worse about themselves, and then they may use more drugs. If someone you know is using or abusing drugs, you can help. The most important part you can play is to be there. You can let your friends know that you care. You can listen and try to solve the problem behind your friend's need to use drugs. Two people together can often solve a problem that seems too big for one person alone. Studies of heavy abusers in the United States show that they felt unloved and unwanted. They didn't have close friends to talk to. When you or your friends take the time to care for each other, you're all helping to stop drugs abuse. After all, what is a friend for?

(23)

A．To show off their wealth.

B．To feel good.

C．To regain their memory.

D．To be different from others.

听力原文： The first step to stop drug abuse is knowing why people start to use drugs. The reasons people abuse drugs are as different as people are from one another. But there seems to be one common thread: people seem to take drugs to change the way they feel. They want to feel better or to feel happy or to feel nothing. Sometimes, they want to forget or to remember. People often feel better about themselves when they are under the influence of drugs. But the effects don’t last long. Drugs don’t solve problems. They just postpone them. No matter how far drugs may take you, it’s always a round trip. After a while, people who misuse drugs may feel worse about themselves, and then they will use more and more drugs. If someone you know is using or abusing drugs, you can help. The most important part you can play is to be there. You can let your friends know that you care. You can listen and try to solve the problem behind your friend’s need to use drugs. Two people together can often solve a problem that seems too big for one person alone. Studies of heavy drug users in the United States show that they felt unloved and unwanted. They didn’t have close friends to talk to. When you or your friends take the time to care for each other, you’re all helping to stop drug abuse. After all, what are friends for?

(30)

A．To show off their wealth.

B．To feel good and high.

C．To regain their memory.

D．To be different from other.

听力原文： The first step to stop drug abuse is knowing why people start to use drugs. The reasons people abuse drugs are as different as people are from one to another. But there seems to be one common thread: people seem to take drugs to change the way they feel. They want to feel better or to feel happy or to feel nothing. Sometimes, they want to forget or to remember. People often feel better about the roseleaf when they are under the influence of drugs. But the effects don't last long. Drugs don't solve problems. They just postpone them. No matter how far drugs may take you, it's always around trip. After a while, people who miss drugs may feel worse about themselves, and then they may use more drugs. If someone you know is using or abusing drugs, you can help. The most important part you can play is to be there. You can let your friends know that you care. You can listen and try to solve the problem behind your friend's need to use drugs. Two people together can often solve a problem that seems too big for one person alone. Studies of heavy abusers in the United States show that they felt unloved and unwanted. They didn't have close friends to talk to. When you or your friends take the time to care for each other, you're all helping to stop drugs abuse. After all, what is a friend for?

(23)

A．To show off their wealth.

B．To feel good.

C．To regain their memory.

D．To be different from others.

听力原文： The use of illegal drugs by U.S. teenagers has increased in the past two years, according to the latest survey by University of Michigan researchers. The increase reverses a downward trend in drug use among teenagers that began in the late 1970s.

Results of a survey of 50,000 eighth, tenth and twelfth graders throughout the United States indicated a sharp rise in the use of drugs. The researchers also noted an increase in the percentage of students who smoke cigarettes, a drop in the percentage of students who drink alcohol, and no change in cocaine use, which remained at a low level.

Although the general rise in the use of drugs is disturbing, the numbers are still far below the recorded high level of drug use in the 1970s.

A consistent drop in drug use, such as the one that occurred be- fore the recent rise, can't be taken for granted, because each generation of American youth has almost no knowledge of drugs and has to learn the same hard lessons.

(26)

A．A slight drop in the use of cocaine.

B．A drop in the use of cigarettes.

C．A sharp rise in the use of drugs.

D．A rise in the use of alcohol.

The Food and Drug Administration said Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the U.S. food supply.

The focus of the FDA investigation is pigs raised by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. They engineered the animals with two genes: One is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow. The other, a synthetic gene, makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster.

There has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness, but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes, but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they don' t get into the food supply.

The FDA, in a quickly arranged news conference Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY, said the University of Illinois will face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker, who in turn sells to processing plants.

Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500,000 bushels of soybeans with com that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs.

Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning area of scientific research. "This is a small incident, but it's incident like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence," says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufacturers of America. "We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to whom we export are going to look at this."

The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadn't inherited the genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didn' t were sold to the pig broker. "Any pig who' s tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market," says Charles Zukoski, vice chancellor for research.

But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the terms of the university's agreement with the FDA, the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. "The University of Illinois failed to check with FDA to see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to he used under any circumstance for food."

The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.

The 386 piglets wrongfully sold into food supply are from ______ .

A．Europe

B．an American research organization

C．a meat processing plant

D．an animal farm