La Espa a de la Edad Media es una sociedad multicultural entre choque y fusión, con la influencia de _____

Linguistic researchers have gradually come to understand how and why so many teenagers sound like Dizzee Rascal, a rapper from Bow in east London. They call this【C1】______. changing argot(俚语)Multicultural London English(MLE). When MLE first【C2】______, linguists believed it was a ham version of the way West Indians speak English. In the early 1980s " West Indians who had spoken Cockney suddenly started to speak 【C3】______," explains Paul Kerswill of York University. Young Afro-Caribbean men【C4】______ have adopted a new style. of speech as they sought to forge a(n)【C5】______in an often hostile society. Others were thought to have【C6】______ them. But【C7】______being cod-Jamaican, MLE is now thought to be a hybrid(混合的)【C8】______ that emerged from the mixing of West Indians, South Asians and speakers of Cockney and Estuary English. Researchers have found that MLE【C9】______ from place to place. Variants have emerged in 【C10】______cities with many immigrants, such as Birmingham and Manchester. Children tend to 【C11】______MLE at secondary school. It is more common—and more strongly accented—among boys【C12】______among girls. The grammar that tends to【C13】______ MLE is increasingly uniform. for example the use of " we wasnt"【C14】______place of "we werent". Linguists are most excited by【C15】______ MLE is doing to the rhythm of speech. English is usually spoken with a stress-timed rhythm, in which syllables are stressed at regular【C16】______. Speakers of MLE speak with a syllable-timed rhythm, in which all syllables are【C17】______ roughly the same time and stress, as in French or Japanese. Syllable-timed speech is a【C18】______ of languages that have come Into contact 【C19】______other languages. Versions of it may have【C20】______in multicultural places such as Hackney for centuries, thinks Mr. Kerswill.

【C1】

A．spreading

B．expanding

C．extending

D．stretching

Multifunction superpills aren't nearly as farfetched as they may sound. And reducing such serious risks to heart health as soaring cholesterol, diabetes, and high blood pressure potentially could save many lives and be highly lucrative for drug companies. A combo pill from Pfizer (PFE) of its hypertension drug Norvasc and cholesterol-lowering agent Lipitor "could have huge potential," says Shaojing Tong, analyst at Mehta Partners. "Offering two functions in one pill itself is a huge convenience."

If such pills catch on, they could generate significant revenues for drug companies. In Pfizer's case, the goal is to transfer as many qualified patients as possible to the combo pill. Norvase's patents expire in 2007, but Pfizer could avoid losing all its revenues from the drug at once if it were part of a superpill. Sena Lund, an analyst at Cathay Financial, sees Pfizer selling $4.2 billion worth of Norvasc-Lipitor by 2007. That would help take up the slack for falling sales of Lipitor, which he projects will drop to $5 billion in 2007, down from $8 billion last year.

Pfizer argues that addressing two distinct and serious cardiovascular risk factors in one pill has advantages. People with both hypertension and high LDL cholesterol (the "bad" kind) number around 27 million in the U.S., notes Craig Hopkinson, medical director for dual therapy at Pfizer, and only 2% of that population reaches adequate treatment goals. Taking two treatments in one will increase the number of patients who take the medications properly and "assist in getting patients to goal," he says.

Doctors also may be quick to adopt Norvasc-Lipitor, Pfizer figures, because it's made up of two well-studied drugs, which many physicians are already familiar with. But Dr. Stanley Rockson, chief of consultative cardiology at Stanford University Medical Center, says fixed-dose combination pills represent "an interesting crossroads" for physicians, who are typically trained to "approach each individual problem with care." Combining treatments would challenge doctors to approach heart disease differently. But better patient compliance is important enough, says Rockson, that he expects doctors to be open to trying the combined pill.

Some other physicians are more skeptical. "If you want to change dosage on one of the new pill's two drugs, you're stuck," fears Dr. Irene Gavris, professor of medicine at Boston University School of Medicine. She says she would feel most comfortable trying the combination pill on patients who "have been on the drugs for a while" and are thus unlikely to need changes in dosage.

As usual, economics could tip the scales. Patients now taking both Lipitor and Norvasc "could cut their insurance co-pay in half" by switching to the combo drug, Gavris notes. That's a key advantage. Controlling hypertension, for instance, can require three or more drugs, and the financial burden on patients mounts quickly. If patients also benefit—as Pfizer and other drug companies contend—making the switch to superpills could be advantageous for everyone.

Pfizer could avoid the loss caused by expiration of Norvasc's patents by______.

A．reducing the various risks to heart health

B．switching the patients to the superpills

C．offering greater convenience to patients

D．increasing the sales of Lipitor

Multifunction superpills aren't nearly as farfetched as they may sound. And reducing such serious risks to heart health as soaring cholesterol, diabetes, and high blood pressure potentially could save many lives and be highly lucrative for drug companies. A combo pill from Pfizer (PFE) of its hypertension drug Norvasc and cholesterol-lowering agent Lipitor "could have huge potential", says Shaojing Tong, analyst at Mehta Partners. "Offering two functions in one pill itself is a huge convenience".

If such pills catch on, they could generate significant revenues for drug companies. In Pfizer's ease, the goal is to transfer as many qualified patients as possible to the combo pill. Norvasc's patents expire in 2007, but Pfizer could avoid losing all its revenues from the drug at once if it were part of a superpill. Sena Lund, an analyst at Cathay Financial, sees Pfizer selling $4.2 billion worth of Norvasc-Lipitor by 2007. That would help take up the slack for falling sales of Lipitor, which he projects will drop to $5 billion in 2007, down from $8 billion last year.

Pfizer argues that addressing two distinct and serious cardiovascular risk factors in one pill has advantages. People with both hypertension and high LDL cholesterol (the "bad" kind) number around 27 million in the U.S., notes Craig Hopkinson, medical director for dual therapy at Pfizer, and only 2% of that population reaches adequate treatment goals. Taking two treatments in one will increase the number of patients who take the medications properly and "assist in getting patients to goal", be says.

Doctors also may be quick to adopt Norvasc-Lipitor, Pfizer figures, because it's made up of two well-studied drugs, which many physicians are already familiar with. But Dr. Stanley Rockson, chief of consultative cardiology at Stanford University Medical Center, says fixed-dose combination pills represent "an interesting crossroads" for physicians, who are typically trained to "approach each individual problem with care". Combining treatments would challenge doctors to approach heart disease differently. But better patient compliance is important enough, says Rockson, that he expects doctors, to be open to trying the combined pill.

Some other physicians are more skeptical. "If you want to change dosage on one of the new pill's two drugs, you're stuck", fears Dr. Irene Gavris, professor of medicine at Boston University School of Medicine. She says she would feel most comfortable trying the combination pill on patients who "have been on the drugs for a while" and are thus unlikely to need changes in dosage.

As usual, economics could tip the scales. Patients now taking both Lipitor and Norvasc "could cut their insurance co pay in half" by switching to the combo drug, Gavris notes. That's a key advantage. Controlling hypertension, for instance, can require three or more drugs, and the financial burden on patients mounts quickly. If patients also benefit—as Pfizer and other drug companies contend—making the switch to superpills could be advantageous for everyone.

Pfizer could avoid the loss caused by expiration of Norvasc's patents by ______.

A．reducing the various risks to heart health

B．switching the patients to the superpills

C．offering greater convenience to patients

D．increasing the sales of Lipitor

Which one is not true according to the article?

A.Multicultural teams often generate frustrating management dilemmas.

B.Cultural differences can create substantial obstacles to effective teamwork—but these may be subtle and difficult to recognize until significant damage has already been done.

C.Cultural challenges are manageable if managers and team members choose the right strategy and avoid imposing single-culture-based approaches on multicultural situations.

D.The differences between direct and indirect communication can’t cause serious damage to relationships when team projects run into problems.

3 At a recent international meeting of business leaders, Seamus O’Brien said that multi-jurisdictional attempts to

regulate corporate governance were futile because of differences in national culture. He drew particular attention to

the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and International Corporate Governance

Network (ICGN) codes, saying that they were, ‘silly attempts to harmonise practice’. He said that in some countries,

for example, there were ‘family reasons’ for making the chairman and chief executive the same person. In other

countries, he said, the separation of these roles seemed to work. Another delegate, Alliya Yongvanich, said that the

roles of chief executive and chairman should always be separated because of what she called ‘accountability to

shareholders’.

One delegate, Vincent Viola, said that the right approach was to allow each country to set up its own corporate

governance provisions. He said that it was suitable for some countries to produce and abide by their own ‘very

structured’ corporate governance provisions, but in some other parts of the world, the local culture was to allow what

he called, ‘local interpretation of the rules’. He said that some cultures valued highly structured governance systems

while others do not care as much.

Required:

(a) Explain the roles of the chairman in corporate governance. (5 marks)

The terms "multicultural" and "aboriginal reconciliation" can still be found in Australian ______.

Which of the following is NOT true about multiculturalism in Europe?

A．Multiculturalism might become a war of all against all.

B．Islamic and other immigrants will become liberals in Holland.

C．Group identity should be maintained in multiculturalism.

D．Multiculturalism fails to exist in Europ

Singapore is well known as a multi-racial, multi-cultural and multi-religious nation. And this 【C1】______ is gradually becoming internalized as a special feature of Singaporean culture. Besides, Singapore is at the crossroads 【C2】______ East meets West and enjoys the benefit of the co-existence of 【C3】______ cultures. Two seemingly 【C4】______ incidents that took place recently appeared equally ironical upon closer scrutiny. In the first case, the president of National Technological University found the use of Mandarin 【C5】______ too popular on campus and so urged students to speak more English. In the second case, in response 【C6】______ customer complaints, an expatriate executive of Borders told staff to stick to English at work. For historical reasons, the call by NTU which is located on the site of the former Mandarin-speaking Nantah appears to be an even 【C7】______ irony. At a time when the government is 【C8】______ the use of Mandarin to keep up with changes in the world, such actions that go against the trend provide 【C9】______ for thought. Yes, their 【C10】______ about learning English and about the status of English can be understood. What is 【C11】______ is who then are our multi-lingual society supposed to serve? Is multi-lingualism a burdern, a way to 【C12】______ off, just a symbol, or is it a tool and an advantage to benefit the public? 【C13】______ the interest of the nation, we have made English the official and common language to help foster racial harmony and 【C14】______ us with the world. Yet language in a way is inextricable from considerations such as political correctness, prestige and status. For a long time to come, the 【C15】______ of English as an official language is unlikely to be shaken. The question is: when service departments deal with the public, do they just 【C16】______ to the rules and not exercise any flexibility or do they make full use of our multi-lingual advantage to provide 【C17】______ service to the ordinary people? It is true that most customers at an English bookshop maybe English-educated and speak English 【C18】______ , but if speaking Mandarin makes some people feel more at home or comfortable, do we have to 【C19】______ on speaking English? Even someone who is extremely 【C20】______ in English, which is not his mother tongue, may well enjoy being spoken to in his mother tongue. Can this potentially be a "win-win" sales strategy?

【C1】

A．commonality

B．status

C．uniqueness

D．locate

In less than three decades "multiculturalism" has become a word immediately recognizable by policy 【M1】______ makers, social critics, academics and the general public in Western industrial countries. It emphasizes that acknowledging the existence of ethnic diversity and ensure the rights of individuals to retain their 【M2】______ culture should go hand in hand with enjoying full access to participate in constitutional principles and 【M3】______ commonly shared values prevailed in the society. By 【M4】______ acknowledging the rights of individuals and groups and ensuring their equitable access to society, advocates of multiculturalism also maintain that such a policy benefits both individuals and the large society 【M5】______ by reducing pressures for social conflict based on disadvantage and inequality. They also argue that multiculturalism is enrichment for the society as a whole. The adoption of multicultural policy models is 【M6】______ initially inspired by a desire to address the issue of how to integrate immigrant ethnic minority. The 【M7】______ experiences of those limited number of countries of Canada, Australia and Sweden which have explicitly espoused multiculturalism as a policy response to ethnic diversity have indicated that while the policy is certainly uncontested it has, nevertheless, shown 【M8】______ considerable durability. The application of any policy model will obviously be affected by the characteristics of the society which it operates. The attraction of 【M9】______ multiculturalism was its perceived ability to address policy issues associated with immigrant minority groups in a way that was consistent with special ideals 【M10】______ of a country.

【M1】

In The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, Revised and Enlarged Edition (W. W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep insights into the crises of nationhood in America. A new chapter assesses the impact both of radical multiculturalism and radical monoculturalism on the Bill of rights. Written with his usual clarity and force, the book brings a noted historian' s wisdom and perspective to bear on America' s "culture wars".

Schlesinger addresses the questions: What holds a nation together? And what does it mean to be an American? Describing the emerging cult of ethnicity, Schlesinger praises its healthy effect on a nation long shamed by a history of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. But he warns against the campaign of multicultural advocates to divide the nation into separate ethnic and racial communities. From the start, he observes, the United States has been a multicultural nation, rich in its diversity but held together by a shared commitment to the democratic process and by the freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation that impressed foreign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueyille and James Bryce, and it is this historic goal that Schlesinger champions as the best hope for the future. Schlesinger analyzes what he sees as grim consequences of identity politics: the widening of differences. Attacks on the First Amendment, he argues, threaten intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the ethnic groups. His criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism, be understands that the radical right is even more willing than the radical left to re strict and weaken the Bill of Rights.

The author does not minimize the injustices concealed by the "melting pot" dream. The Disuniting of America is both academic and personal, forceful in argument, balanced in judgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger some readers, but it will surely make all of them think again. The winner of Pulitzer Prizes for history and for biography, an authoritative voice of American liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold answers and healing wisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and what we should become.

According to Schlesinger, the United States is ______.

A．a melting pot

B．a nation with diverse cultures held together by the democratic process

C．a federation of ethnic and racial communities

D．a nation with various ethnic and racial groups