A law usually has two important features. In the first place, it specifies behavior. The behavior. is usually not described topographically but rather in terms of its effect upon others——the effect that is the object of governmental control. When we are told, for example, that an individual has "committed perjury," we are not told what he has actually said. "Robbery" and "assault" do not refer to specific forms of response. 0nly properties of behavior. which are aversive to others are mentioned——in perjury the lack of a customary correspondence between a verbal response and certain factual circumstances, in robbery the removal of positive reinforces, and in assault the aversive character of physical injury. In the second place, a law specifies or implies a consequence, usually punishment. A law is thus a statement of a contingency of reinforcement maintained by a governmental agency. The contingency may have prevailed as a controlling practice prior to its codification as a law, or it may represent a new practice which goes into effect with the passage of the law. Laws are thus both descriptions of past practices and assurances of similar practices in the future. A law is a role of conduct in the sense that it specifies the consequences of certain actions which in turn "rule" behavior.
The effect of a law upon the controlling agency. The government of a large group requires an elaborate organization, the practices of which may be made more consistent and effective by codification. How codes of law affect governmental agents is the principal subject of jurisprudence. The behavioral processes are complex, although presumably not novel. In order to maintain or "enforce" contingencies of governmental control, an agency must establish the fact that an individual has behaved illegally and must interpret a code to determine the punishment. It must then carry out the punishment. These labors are usually divided among special subdivisions of the agency. The advantages gained when the individual is "not under man but under law" have usually been obvious, and the great codifiers of law occupy places of honor in the history of civilization. Codification does not, however, change the essential nature of governmental action nor remedy all its defects.
In the development of a government agency, ______.
A.The standard on which the judgment may be made is more important than the actual application of this judgment
B.the function of law is important
C.the study of ordinance is the most important
D.practice is more important than criterion
第1题
设关系模式R(U, F),其中U为属性集,F是U上的一组函数依赖,下列叙述正确的是 ()。 A.若YXU,则Y→X为F所逻辑蕴涵 B.若XYU,则X →Y为F所逻辑蕴涵 C.若X → Y为F所逻辑蕴涵,且ZU,则YZ →XZ为F所逻辑蕴涵 D.若X→Y, Y→Z为F所逻辑蕴涵,则X→Z为F所逻辑蕴涵
第2题
设关系模式R (U,F),其中U为属性集, F是U上的一组函数依赖,那么函数依赖的公理系统(Armstrong公理系统)中的合并规则是指为()为F所蕴涵。
A.若A→B,B→C,则A→CB.若Y⊆X⊆U,则X→Y。C.若A→B,A→C ,则A→BCD.若A→B,C⊆B,则A→C
第3题
● 给定关系模式 () F U R , ,其中U 为关系R属性集,F 是U 上的一组函数依赖,
若 Y X → , (42) 是错误的,因为该函数依赖不蕴涵在F中。
(42)
A. Z Y → 成立,则 Z X →
B. Z X → 成立,则 YZ X →
C. U Z ? 成立,则 YZ X →
D. Z WY → 成立,则 Z XW →
第4题
● 给定关系模式 () F U R , ,其中U 为关系R属性集,F 是U 上的一组函数依赖,
若 Y X → , (42) 是错误的,因为该函数依赖不蕴涵在F中。
(42)
A. Z Y → 成立,则 Z X →
B. Z X → 成立,则 YZ X →
C. U Z ? 成立,则 YZ X →
D. Z WY → 成立,则 Z XW →
第5题
令关系模式R=S(U;F),其中U为属性集,F为函数依赖集。假设U=X、Y、Z为3个不可分解的不同属性,若F={XY→Z,YZ→X),则R保持依赖的关系模式分解,一般只能分解到______。
A.1NF
B.2NF
C.3NF
D.BCNF
第6题
令关系模式R=S(U;F),其中U为属性集,F为函数依赖集。假设U=X、Y、Z为3个不可分解的不同属性,若F={XY→Z,YZ→X),则R保持依赖的关系模式分解,一般只能分解到(61)。
A.1NF
B.2NF
C.3NF
D.BCNF
第7题
给定关系模式R(U,F),萁中:u为关系模式R中的属性集,,是u上的一组函数依赖。假设u={A1,A2,A3;A4),F={A1→A2,A1A2→A3,A1→A4,A2→A4那么关系R的主键应为(52 )。函数依赖集F中的(53 )是冗余的。
A.AI →A2
B.AIA2→A3
C.Al→A4
D.A2→A4
第8题
A.Y→Z成立,则X→Z
B.X→Z成立,则X→YZ
C.ZU成立,则X→YZ
D.WY→Z成立,则XW→Z
第9题
A.A1→A2
B.A1A2→A3
C.A1→A4
D.A2→A4
第10题
A.若X→Y为F所逻辑蕴涵,且ZU,则XZ→YZ为F所逻辑蕴涵
B.若X→Y,Y→Z为F所逻辑蕴涵,则X→Z为F所逻辑蕴涵
C.若YXU,则Y→X为F所逻辑蕴涵
D.若XYU,则X→Y为F所逻辑蕴涵
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