Ernest Hemingway underwent 20 gruelling rounds of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to cure him of his depression. Having lost many of his memories as a result, he said, "It was a brilliant cure but we lost the patient," and took a shotgun to his head not long afterwards. Ever since ECT was pioneered by Ugo Cerletti, an Italian neurosurgeon, in the late 1930s, it bas had a bad press. In books (The Bell Jar, Zen and the Art of MIotorcycle Maintenance), in song (Electric Co by U2) and in film (One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and Tar-nation), it has been portrayed as a sinister procedure that leaves the patient a dribbling dullard. But in spite of this, ECT remains one of the fastest-acting and most effective antidepressant treatments known.
Why it should be so effective, though, is an enigma. On the face of it, running a current of almost an amp through someone's brain seems a silly thing to do. But a study by Johan Hellsten of Lund University in Sweden bas cast some light on the question. Dr. Hellsten has shown that ECT leads to the gene ration of new blood vessels [n part of the brain implicated in depression.
Previous brain imaging studies have shown that patients with long-term depression have a smaller hippocampus (part of the brain that deals with emotion and memory) than average. But, while it is possible to use scanners to look at brain volume in people, it is impossible to examine what is going on at a cellular level. For this reason, Dr. Hellsten used rats.
There were two groups of rats in his experiment. The test group received ECT once a day. for ten days while the control group received a sham treatment. On the eleventh day! the rats were killed and examined. Dr. Hellsten found a 20 fold increase in the number of endothelial cells (the cells that line blood vessels) in the hippocampuses of the test rats, compared with the control rats. He also found a 16% increase in the total length of the blood vessels in their hippocampuses. If the blood vessels of any organ--including the hippocampus are reduced, that organ begins to atrophy. ECT appears to reverse this atrophy. This study is the first to show an increase in blood-vessel production in connection with an anti-depressive treatment.
Why ECT has this effect is still a subject of speculation, but Dr. Hellsten suspects that what is happening is a consequence of the brain trying to protect itself. ECT works by creating an artificial epileptic seizure. Natural seizures, which often last much longer than the 30 seconds or so employed for ECT. result in the production of chemicals called growth factors that stimulate cell division and growth. This response helps to compensate for the damage that a seizure can do. Though modern ECT does not last long enough to cause damage, it nevertheless provokes the damage-limitation response.
ECT, invented in a more brutal age, was originally seen as a way to control unruly patients, often against their will. Ironically, it now serves to give will back to those who have lost it.
The word "gruelling" in the first paragraph probably means ______.
A.intermittent.
B.incessant.
C.toilsome.
D.numerous.
第1题
A.抑制性T细胞(Ts细胞)数量或功能下降
B.刀豆蛋白A(Con可刺激诱发非特异的Ts细胞
C.辅助性T细胞(Th细胞)数量下降
D.反抑制T细胞(Tcs细胞)数量下降
E.T细胞亚群无变化
第4题
关于系统性红斑狼疮活动期,叙述正确的是
A、抑制性T细胞(Ts细胞)数量或功能下降
B、刀豆蛋白A(ConA)可刺激诱发非特异的Ts细胞
C、辅助性T细胞(Th细胞)数量下降
D、反抑制T细胞(Tcs细胞)数量下降
E、T细胞亚群无变化
第5题
αβT细胞分为几个亚群?简述其功能。
参考答案:辅助性T细胞和杀伤性T细胞辅助性T细胞功能:Th1细胞的主要功效是增强吞噬细胞介导的抗感染机制;Th2主要作用是增强B细胞介导的体液免疫应
第6题
下列关于T细胞亚群的叙述不正确的是
A.CD20是所有T细胞共同的表面标志
B.CD4存在于Th细胞表面
C.抑制性T细胞的表型为CD3+、CD4+、CD8+
D.若Ts功能低下,机体易发生感染
E.CD3是所有T细胞共同的表面标志
第7题
下列关于T细胞亚群的叙述不正确的是
A、CD2和CD3是所有T细胞共同的表面标志
B、CD4存在于TH表面
C、反抑制性T细胞的表型为CD3+、CD4+、CD8+
D、若Ts功能低下,机体易发生感染
E、T细胞表面有绵羊红细胞受体
第8题
CD4 细胞是指()
A.辅助性T细胞亚群
B.抑制性T细胞亚群
C.效应性T细胞亚群
D.细胞毒性T细胞亚群
E.记忆性T细胞亚群
第9题
CD8细胞是指
A.辅助性T细胞亚群
B.B细胞
C.效应性T细胞亚群
D.细胞毒性T细胞亚群
E.NK细胞
为了保护您的账号安全,请在“上学吧”公众号进行验证,点击“官网服务”-“账号验证”后输入验证码“”完成验证,验证成功后方可继续查看答案!