Communication is influenced by diverse factors and all these will influence people’s （）a

Our child's behavior. is greatly influenced by the way we react to what he has done. Our reactions help to determine whether our child will repeat his behavior. or whether he will do something different. This statement is a very important part of a principle of behavioral psychology. The principle states that a behavior. is influenced or affected by how the environment ---- people, places and things ---- immediately responds to the behavior. Perhaps without realizing it, you have used this principle many times. On the occasion when you told your child what a good boy he was after he cleaned up his room, you used the principle. When you sent your child to his room for fighting with his brother, you used the principle. When I gave Kim a cookie after she started to cry, I used the principle. In each of these examples, a particular behavior. occurred first ---- cleaning up a room, fighting, and crying.In addition, there was a reaction to each behavior. ---- the child was praised, sent to his room, or given a cookie. By these actions, we have influenced the previous behaviors and have helped to determine whether those behaviors will occur again in the future. (2) On what kind of principle is the lecture based?

A、A principle in chemistry.

B、A principle in behavioral psychology.

C、A principle in physics.

D、A principle in geology.

All day long, you are affected by large forces. Genes influence your intelligence and willingness to take risks. Social dynamics unconsciously shape your choices. Instantaneous perceptions set off neutral reactions in your head without you even being aware of them.

Over the past few years, scientists have made a series of exciting discoveries about how these deep patterns influence daily life. Nobody has done more to bring these discoveries to public attention than Malcolm Gladwell.

Gladwell's new book Outliers seems at first glance to be a description of exceptionally talented individuals. But in fact, it's another book about deep patterns. Exceptionally successful people are not lone pioneers who created their own success, he argues. They are the lucky beneficiaries of social arrangements.

Gladwell's noncontroversial claim is that some people have more opportunities than others. Bill Gates was lucky to go to a great private school with its own computer at the dawn of the information revolution.

Gladwell's book is being received by reviewers as a call to action for the Obama Age. It could lead policy makers to finally reject policies built on the assumption that people are coldly rational profit-maximizing individuals. It could cause them to focus more on policies that foster relationships, social bonds and cultures of achievement.

Yet, I can't help but feel that Gladwell and others who share his emphasis are preoccupied with the coolness of the discoveries. They've lost sight of the point at which the influence of social forces ends and the influence of the self-initiating individual begins.

Most successful people begin with two beliefs: the future can be better than the present, and I have the power to make it so. They were often showered by good fortunes, but relied at crucial moments upon achievements of individual will. These people also have an extraordinary ability to consciously focus their attention. Control of attention is the ultimate individual power. People who can do that are not prisoners of the stimuli around them. They can choose from the patterns in the world and lengthen their time horizons.

Gladwell's social determinism overlooks the importance of individual character and individual creativity. And it doesn't fully explain the genuine greatness of humanity's talents. As the classical philosophers understood, examples of individual greatness inspire achievement more reliably than any other form. of education.

In Paragraph 2, "these deep patterns" refers to all of the following EXCEPT______.

A．genes

B．social dynamics

C．neutral reactions

D．instantaneous perceptions

All day long, you are affected by large forces. Genes influence your intelligence and willingness to take risks. Social dynamics unconsciously shape your choices. Instantaneous perceptions set off neutral reactions in your head without you even being aware of them.

Over the past few years, scientists have made a series of exciting discoveries about how these deep patterns influence daily life. Nobody has done more to bring these discoveries to public attention than Malcolm Gladwell.

Gladwell's new book Outliers seems at first glance to be a description of exceptionally talented individuals. But in fact, it's another book about deep patterns. Exceptionally successful people are not lone pioneers who created their own success, he argues. They are the lucky beneficiaries of social arrangements.

Gladwell's noncontroversial claim is that some people have more opportunities than others. Bill Gates was lucky to go to a great private school with its own computer at the dawn of the information revolution.

Gladwell's book is being received by reviewers as a call to action for the Obama Age. It could lead policy makers to finally reject policies built on the assumption that people are coldly rational profit-maximizing individuals. It could cause them to focus more on policies that foster relationships, social bonds and cultures of achievement.

Yet, I can't help but feel that Gladwell and others who share his emphasis are preoccupied with the coolness of the discoveries. They've lost sight of the point at which the influence of social forces ends and the influence of the self-initiating individual begins.

Most successful people begin with two beliefs: the future can be better than the present, and I have the power to make it so. They were often showered by good fortunes, but relied at crucial moments upon achievements of individual will. These people also have an extraordinary ability to consciously focus their attention. Control of attention is the ultimate individual power. People who can do that are not prisoners of the stimuli around them. They can choose from the patterns in the world and lengthen their time horizons.

Gladwell's social determinism overlooks the importance of individual character and individual creativity. And it doesn't fully explain the genuine greatness of humanity's talents. As the classical philosophers understood, examples of individual greatness inspire achievement more reliably than any other form. of education.

In Paragraph 2, "these deep patterns" refers to all of the following EXCEPT______.

A．genes

B．social dynamics

C．neutral reactions

D．instantaneous perceptions

Factors Threatening the Environment

The problems facing the environment are vast and diverse. Global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer in the atmosphere, and destruction of the world's rain forests are just some of the Problems that many scientists believe will reach critical proportions in the coming decades. All of these problems will be directly affected by the size of the human population.

A. Population Growth

Human population growth is at the root of virtually all of the world's environmental problems. Although the growth rate of the world's population has slowed slightly since the 1990s, the world's population increases by about 77 million human beings each year. As the number of people increases, crowding generates pollution, destroys more habitats, and uses up additional natural resources.

The Population Division of the United Nations (UN) predicts that the world's population will increase from 6.23 billion people in 2000 to 9.3 billion people in 2050. The UN estimates that the population will stabilize at more than 11 billion in 2200. Other experts predict that numbers will continue to rise into the foreseeable future, to as many as 19 billion people by the year 2200.

Although rates of population increase are now much slower in the developed world than in the developing world, it would be a mistake to assume that population growth is primarily a problem of developing countries. In fact, because larger amounts of resources per person are used in developed nations, each individual from the developed world has a much greater environmental impact than does a person from a developing country. Conservation strategies that would not significantly alter lifestyles but that would greatly lessen environmental impact are essential in the developed world.

In the developing world, meanwhile, the most important factors necessary to lower population growth rates are democracy and social justice. Studies show that population growth rates have fallen in developing areas where several social conditions exist. In these areas, literacy rates have increased and women receive economic status equal to that of men, enabling women to hold jobs and own property. In addition, birth control information in these areas is more widely available, and women are free to make their own reproductive decisions.

B. Global Warming

Like the glass panes in a greenhouse, certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere permit the Sun's radiation to heat Earth. At the same time, these gases retard the escape into space of the infrared energy radiated back out by Earth. This process is referred to as the greenhouse effect. These gases, primarily carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor, insulate Earth's surface, helping to maintain warm temperatures. Without these gases, Earth would be a frozen planet with an average temperature of about 18℃ instead of a comfortable 15℃. If the concentration of these gases rises, they trap more heat within the atmosphere, causing worldwide temperatures to rise.

Within the last century, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased dramatically, largely because people bum vast amounts of fossil fuels--coal and petroleum and its derivatives. Average global temperature also has increased--by about 0.6 Celsius degree within the past century. Atmospheric scientists have found that at least half of that temperature increase can be attributed to human activity. They predict that unless dramatic action is taken, global temperature will continue to rise by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the next century. Although such an increase may not seem like a great difference, during the last ice age the global temperature was only 2.2 Celsius degrees cooler than it is presently.

The consequences of such a modest increase in temperature may be devastating (破坏性的). Already scientists have detect

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

It's quite a natural thing that someone is attracted by the person whose thought, faith and interest are similar to his. Equally, getting along with those who have similar characteristics of appearance with you makes you feel comfortable.

You may have noticed that people getting along closely with each other in life and work tend to be similar in behaviors. We will often imitate those we approach, love, or admire unconsciously. Therefore, the football fans will imitate a certain athlete's unique way to walk with shrugging shoulders; even a pair of lovers' way of shaking heads is same. The employees will imitate their employers' habit of playing with a pen among fingers while pondering over a question.

The influential persons aren't aware of this kind of imitation in all situations consciously, but the existence of this imitation will make them feel comfortable. He will be glad if he indeed notices that others' gestures or movements are identical to his. Because that means he has exerted an influence on others and thus he is attractive to those people.

What is said about the official student bloggers recruited by Imperial College?

A．They will correct people if they are wrong.

B．They are not restricted in what they write.

C．They are asked to blog on a particular subject.

D．They get low pay for sharing their experiences.

Young people who drink or use drugs are mainly influenced by both their parents and their pressure.

Other reasons they take that first drink are to be rebellious (反抗的) ,for curiosity or "kicks" (刺激) or to escape an unpleasant environment. And young people drink and use drugs because alcohol (酒精)and drugs are at hand.

After first experimental use, young people continue to drink or use drugs because they believe these substances can relieve boredom, increase energy, decrease anxiety, solve problems, or help them socially. They may simply like the "high" they get in the early and middle stages of substance use. After continued use, they will drink or use drugs because they become physically and psychologically (心理地) addicted (上瘾的).

Now that we have admitted that we have to solve this problem. We must decide how to deal with this challenge. Winning this will take a great effort involving local, state, and national government. It will require the effort of schools, but it cannot be done by schools alone. It will take family and community involvement. Already a great amount of time, energy and expert knowledge has been directed toward dealing with it but the problem continues.

Which of the following is not mentioned as the reason of drinking and using drugs in the passage?

A．the selling of alcohol and drugs

B．pressure from their parents and relatives

C．curiosity

D．their eagerness to experience what is not permissible to them

Young people who drink or use drugs are mainly influenced by both their parents and their pressure.

Other reasons they take that first drink are to be rebellious (反抗的), for curiosity or "kicks" (刺激) or to escape an unpleasant environment. And young people drink and use drugs because alcohol (酒精) and drugs are at hand.

After first experimental use, young people continue to drink or use drugs because they believe these substances can relieve boredom, increase energy, decrease anxiety, solve problems, or help them socially. They may simply like the "high" they get in the early and middle stages of substance use. After continued use, they will drink or use drugs because they become physically and psychologically (心理地) addicted (上瘾的).

Now that we have admitted that we have to solve this problem. We must decide how to deal with this challenge. Winning this will take a great effort involving local, state, and national government. It will require the effort of schools, but it cannot be done by schools alone. It will take family and com munity involvement. Already a great amount of time, energy and expert knowledge has been directed toward dealing with it but the problem continues.

Which of the following is not mentioned as the reason of drinking and using drugs in the passage?

A．the selling of alcohol and drugs

B．pressure from their parents and relatives

C．curiosity

D．their eagerness to experience what is not permissible to them

Young people who drink or use drugs are mainly influenced by both their parents and peer pressure.

Other reasons they take that first drink are to be rebellious(反抗的), for curiosity or "kicks" (刺激)or to escape an unpleasant environment; And young people drink use drugs because alcohol(酒精) and drugs are at hand.

After first experimental use, young people continue to drink or use drugs because they believe these substances can relieve boredom, increase energy, decrease anxiety, solve problems, or help them socially. They may simply like the "high" they get in the early and middle stages of substance use. After continued use, they will become physically and psychologically(心理地)addicted(上瘾的).

Now that we have admitted that we have to solve this problem, we must decide how to deal with this challenge. Winning this will take a great effort involving local, state, and national government. It will require the effort of schools, but it cannot be clone by schools alone. It will also require family and community involvement. Already a great amount of time, energy and expert knowledge has been directed toward dealing with it but the problem continues.

Which of the following is not mentioned as the reason of young pedple's drinking and usingdrugs in the passage?

A．The selling of alcohol and drugs,

B．Pressure from their parents and relatives.

C．Curiosity.

D．Their eagerness to experience what ,is not permissible to them.