The Cultural Revival in the Byzantine Empire
Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A. D. , the Byzantine Empire staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the more striking because it followed a long period of severe internal decline. By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly two - thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times threatened to take Constantinople and extinguished the empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh century, however the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scholarship had advanced.
To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth - century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential connections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.
The common explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantine would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.
No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not clear that military advances invariably came first. Economic advances second, and intellectual advances third. In the 860's the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire's favor. The beginning of the empire's economic revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830. Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning appears to have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a revival that lasted until the fall of constantinople in 1453. Thus the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed in Byzantium. In fact, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.
Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?
A.The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and economic revival preceding cultural revival was reversed.
B.The economic, cultural, and military revival in the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the sequence of revivals in August Rome and fifth - century Athens.
C.The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural rebirth preceding economic and military revival, the reverse of the commonly accepted order of progress.
D.The eighth -century revival of Byzantine learning is an inexplic,~ ie phenomenon, and its economic and military precursors have yet to be discovered.
第1题
下列药物中治疗舞蹈症状的是
A、DA受体阻滞剂
B、DA受体激动剂
C、单胺氧化酶抑制剂
D、增加中枢DA储藏的药物
E、左旋多巴
第4题
A、不直接作用于DA受体,但能上调DA受体对DA的敏感性
B、分子构象与DA相似,可绕过变性的DA神经元,直接刺激DA受体,引起生物效应
C、可增加突触前膜DA的释放
D、可阻断多巴转运体对DA的再摄取
E、可使DA受体超敏
第5题
A.抗胆碱能药物
B.促进DA在神经末梢的释放
C.脑部DA的替代
D.多巴胺受体激动剂
E.单胺氧化酶抑制剂
安坦E.
第8题
A、不需经过代谢转化直接作用于纹状体DA受体而发挥药理作用
B、DA受体激动剂不发生氧化代谢,不产生氧自由基等潜在毒性代谢产物
C、半衰期长,对受体刺激稳定持久,有利于克服症状波动和运动障碍
D、单独应用有效,与L-Dopa合用可延长疗效,推迟副作用的出现
E、与复方L-Dopa相比,不易引起DA受体下调
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