Nowadays people are becoming more and more marterialistic and realistic andoften claim m

A．She is realistic and optimistic.

B．She is snobbish and pessimistic.

C．She is submitted to the will of Heaven.

D．She is resigned to circumstances.

We can infer from the third paragraph that ______.

A．more and more people are using electronic products

B．there is no significant achievement in recycling electronics

C．recycling electronics has gained great success

D．there is growing demand for recycling electronics

Ageism

American society has been described as maintaining a stereotypic and often negative perception of older adults. This negative and/or stereotypic perception of aging and aged individuals is readily apparent in such areas as language, media, and humor. For example, such commonly used phrases as "over the hill" and "don't be an old fuddy-duddy" denote old age as a period of impotency and incompetency. The term used to describe this stereotypic and often negative bias against older adults is ageism.

Ageism can be defined as "any action, or institutional structure which subordinates a person or group because of age or any assignment of roles in society purely on the basis of age". As an "ism", ageism reflects a prejudice in society against older adults.

Ageism, however, is different from other "isms" (sexism, racism etc.), for primarily two reasons. First, age classification is not static. An individual's age classification changes as one progresses through the life cycle. Thus, age classification is characterized by continual change, while the other classification systems traditionally used by society such as race and gender remain constant. Second, no one is exempt from at some point achieving the stares of old, and therefore, unless they die at an early age, experiencing ageism. The later is an important distinction as ageism can thus affect the individual on two levels. First, the individual may be ageist with respect to others. That is s/he may stereotype other people on the basis of age. Second, the individual may be ageist with respect to self. Thus, ageist attitudes may affect the self concept.

Much research has been conducted concerning ageism. However, the empirical evidence is inconclusive. Some research demonstrates the existence of ageist attitudes and other research does not. This discrepancy is most likely the result of methodological differences and, in particular, methodological errors. A brief discussion of the major methodological errors or problems found in ageism research may be helpful in clarifying this point.

What is the exact meaning of ageism, according to the passage?

A．A negative period of impotency and incompetency.

B．A negative and/or stereotypic perception of older adults.

C．A definition of stereotypic and often negative attitudes.

D．A denotation against the negative bias of older adults.

Ageism

American society has been described as maintaining a stereotypic and often negative perception of older adults. This negative and/or stereotypic perception of aging and aged individuals is readily apparent in such areas as language, media, and humor. For example, such commonly used phrases as "over the hill" and "don't be an old fuddy-duddy" denote old age as a period of impotency and incompetency. The term used to describe this stereotypic and often negative bias against older adults is ageism.

Ageism can be defined as "any action, or institutional structure which subordinates a person or group because of age or any assignment of roles in society purely on the basis of age". As an "ism", ageism reflects a prejudice in society against older adults.

Ageism, however, is different from other "isms'' ( sexism, racism, etc. ), for primarily two reasons. First, age classification is not static. An individual's age classification changes as one progresses through the life cycle. Thus, age classification is characterized by continual change, while the other classification systems traditionally used by society such as race and gender remain constant. Second, no one is exempt from at some point achieving the status of old, and therefore, unless they die at an early age, experiencing ageism. The later is an important distinction as ageism can thus affect the individual on two levels. First, the individual may be ageist with respect to others. That is s/he may stereotype other people on the basis of age. Second, the individual may be ageist with respect to self. Thus, ageist attitudes may affect the self concept.

Much research has been conducted concerning ageism. However, the empirical evidence is inconclusive. Some research demonstrates the existence of ageist attitudes and other research does not. This discrepancy is most likely the result of methodological differences and, in particular, methodological errors. A brief discussion of the major methodological errors or problems found in ageism research may be helpful in clarifying this point.

What is the exact meaning of Ageism, according to the passage?

A．A negative period of impotency and incompetency.

B．A negative and/or stereotypic perception of older adults.

C．A definition of stereotypic and often negative attitudes,

D．A denotation against the negative bias of older adults.

E-mail as well as telephones______more and more popular in daily communica-tion.

A．have become

B．become

C．are becoming

D．is becoming

听力原文：M: Are you looking forward to your trip to Canada?

W: I can't wait to see Canada, but I'm scared stiff of the journey. My husband insists on flying, but I want to sail. Planes make me nervous.

M: There's nothing to be frightened of. How many planes fly across the Atlantic every day?

W: I've no idea. Hundreds, I suppose.

M: And how often do you hear of a crash? ... Once or twice a year?

W: Yes, but planes fly so high and fast that once is enough.

M: Look, there are more road casualties per day than air deaths per year. Air transport is really safe compared with road transport.

W: I'd still prefer to go by sea. Ships may not travel fast but at least you can relax; I'd love a trip on a luxury liner like the Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ.

M: It's fine if you are a good sailor, but have you ever traveled far in a rough sea?

W: No, I've only bean in a boat once. I sailed down the River Thames on a sightseeing tour But in any case I'd rather be sea-sick than dead.

(20)

A．The woman.

B．Her husband.

C．The woman and her husband.

D．The woman and her friend.

听力原文：M: Are you looking forward to your trip to Canada, Susan?

W: I can't wait to see Canada, Jason, but I'm scared stiff of the journey. My husband insists on flying, but I want to sail. Planes make me nervous.

M: There's nothing to be frightened of. How many planes fly across the Atlantic every day?

W: I've no idea. Hundreds, I suppose.

M: And how often do you hear of a crash? Once or twice a year?

W: Yes, but aero-planes fly so high and fast that once is enough.

M: There are more road accidents per day than air deaths per year. Air transport is really safe compared with road transport.

W: I still prefer to go by sea. Ships may not travel fast but as least you can relax. I'd love a trip on a luxury liner like the Queen Elizabeth II.

M: It's fine if you're a good sailor, but have you ever traveled far in a rough sea?

W: No. I've only been in a boat once. I sailed down the River Thames on a sightseeing tour, but in any case I'd rather be sea-sick than dead.

What is the woman afraid of when she takes her trips?

A．Taking a voyage.

B．Taking a train.

C．Taking a flight.