Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies--and other creatures--learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so taught them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
According to the author, babies learn to do things which______.
A.are directly related to pleasure
B.will meet their physical needs
C.will bring them a feeling of success
D.will satisfy their curiosity
第1题
男性成人血清钠检测值为125mmol/L,估计每公斤体重缺氯化钠的量为
A.0.25~0.45g
B.0.50~0.75g
C.0.80~1.00g
D.1.05~1.25g
E.1.30~1.50g
第2题
A.0.25~0.45g
B.0.50~0.75g
C.0.80一1.OOg
D.1.05-1.25g
E.1.30-1.50g
第3题
成人血清钠检测值为128mmo1,估计每千克体重缺氯化钠的量为
A.0.25~0.45g
B.0.50~0.75g
C.0.80~1.00g
D.1.05~1.25g
E.1.30~1.50g
第4题
成人血清钠检测值为125mmol/L,估计每千克体重缺氯化钠的量为
A、0.25~0,45g
B、0.50~0.75g
C、0.80~1.00g
D、1.05~1.25g
E、1.30~1.50g
第5题
A.0. 25~0. 4g
B.0. 50~0. 70g
C.0. 80~1. 00g
D.1. 05~1. 25g
E.1. 30~1. 50g
第6题
A.0.25~0.45g
B.0.50~0.75g
C.0.80~1.00g
D.1.05~1.25g
E.1.5~2.50g
第7题
轻度缺钠,下列哪项是错误的 ()
A. 尿中氯化钠常在正常范围
B. 每公斤体重估计缺氯化钠0.5g
C. 血清钠离子浓度为130~135mmol/L
D. 红细胞计数和血红蛋白均增高
E. 口渴不明显
第8题
血清钠浓度和每公斤体重缺氯化钠的量均符合轻度缺钠的是
A.132mmol/L,0.75g/kg
B.134mmol/L,1.0g/kg
C.128mmol/l,0.5g/kg
D.133mm0l/L,0.5g/kg
E.119mmol/L,1.25g/kg
第9题
中度缺钠时,下列正确的是()
A.血清钠在135mL/L以下
B.每公斤体重缺氯化钠0.5~0.75g
C.脉压不变
D.肌痉挛性抽痛
E.尿中Na+、Cl-轻度减少
第10题
中度缺钠时,下列正确的是()
A.血清钠在135mmol/L以下
B.每公斤体重缺氯化钠0.5~0.75g
C.脉压不变
D.肌痉挛性抽痛
E.尿中Na+、C1-度减少
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