A set of genes play a role in learning to read and do math, but this ability is not just g

tion, which can lead to skin cancers.【C1】______thats not going to stop people from cooking themselves【C2】______the perfect tan. The problem has become an【C3】______: more than 3.5 million skin cancers in over 2 million people diagnosed annually in the U.S. 【C4】______our sun-worshipping ways, scientists and the skin-care industry are working hard to 【C5】______out the safest way to tan. A handful of wearable products have【C6】______made it to market that alert wearers of UV radiation【C7】______—they tell you youre about to【C8】______before you can see it. The simplest might be Smartsun wristband, which alerts wearers of UV overexposure with just a【C9】______of color. It starts【C10】______as yellowish-brown when first exposed to UV rays; when it【C11】______pink, thats the warning to seek【C12】______and slather on sunscreen. If you prefer something a little more【C13】______, try the UVeBand, which vibrates when youve had your share of UV rays. Then theres the JUNE, developed and recently【C14】______by Netatmo. The JUNE has UV sensors built into a fake jewel that connect wirelessly to a smartphone, where an app monitors UV【C15】______in real time, alerting when its time to get out of the sun. It also【C16】______your radiation exposure over time,【C17】______you can see how bad your summer has been for your skin, long term. All of these products are designed to help wearers【C18】______their sun time. But none have been reviewed or【C19】______by any health regulatory body, which raises some【C20】______.

【C1】

A．Since

B．But

C．Thus

D．And

ent grade inflation at his institution, stating, "I was told that the most frequently given grade at Harvard right now is an A-." A recent【C1】______of 200 colleges and universities also found that more than 40 percent of all grades awarded were in the A range. Some argue that these inflated grades are【C2】______for the competitive job market, but at the national level it is a negative-sum game that【C3】______serious costs on society. Because grades are【C4】______at A or A+, grade inflation results in a greater concentration of students at the【C5】______of the distribution. This【C6】______of grades diminishes their value as a(n) 【C7】______of student abilities. There is also evidence that【C8】______grading reduces student effort. As giving low grades puts students at a disadvantage【C9】______to their peers, professors face strong【C10】______to award inflated grades. 【C11】______universities need to take steps to bring it under【C12】______. Recently, some universities have experimented with【C13】______information about the grade distribution for each course either online or on student transcripts. So, if employers are aware that grades in a particular course were high, they might be less【C14】______with the students who earned those grades. Thus, students might seek out tougher courses,【C15】______professors to offer such courses in【C16】______. The administration of Princeton issued a【C17】______that no more than 35 percent of grades awarded in undergraduate courses should be in the A range. These steps may not be【C18】______with students and professors, but its necessary to prevent higher education from【C19】______into Lake Wobegon— "where... all the children are above【C20】______."

【C1】

A．suggestion

B．subject

C．study

D．opinion

hips and their own income and savings, according to a new report from Sallie Mae. "Over the last few years theyre considering cost more.【C1】______applying for bank loans, theyre making【C2】______decisions to save on their college【C3】______," says Sarah Ducich, an author of the report. The large private lender, in conjunction with Ipsos Public Affairs,【C4】______in its seventh annual report that more than half of the cost of college is【C5】______by grants and scholarships, as well as parent income and savings. The average family also【C6】______less on parent and student loans, which【C7】______for 7 percent and 15 percent of the cost,【C8】______. "But one of the most【C9】______findings of the report," Ducich says, "is that【C10】______soaring tuition and fees, families【C11】______in the value of college has remained strong." Nearly all of the 1,600 parents and students【C12】______said they believed that college is an【C13】______in the future, nearly 90 percent said its needed for a(n) 【C14】______occupation and about 86 percent said they would be【C15】______to stretch financially to pay for college. And although more than two-thirds of families said they planned on borrowing, at least as a last【C16】______. many are increasingly looking for【C17】______to cut costs. Nearly all families reported taking at least one step to make college more【C18】______and on average families took five steps. Seven in 10 said they chose a(n) 【C19】______college to pay in-state tuition and more than half said they lived at home or with【C20】______.

【C1】

A．Apart from

B．Instead of

C．Regardless of

D．Because of

of American household【C1】______from 1960 to 2007, Ul-rike Malmendier of the University of California at Berkeley and his cooperator found that people who【C2】______high returns on the stock market【C3】______in life were, years later, likelier to report a higher tolerance for risk, to own shares and to invest a bigger slice of their【C4】______in shares. But【C5】______to economic turmoil appears to suppress peoples appetite for risk【C6】______of their personal financial losses. That is the【C7】______of a paper by Samuli Knupfer of London Business School and two co-authors. In the early 1990s a severe recession caused Finlands GDP to【C8】______by 10% and unemployment to【C9】______from 3% to 16%. Using detailed data on tax, unemployment and military conscription(draft), the authors were able to【C10】______the investment choices of those【C11】______by Finlands "Great Depression". Controlling for age, education, gender and【C12】______status, they found that those in occupations, industries and regions hit harder by unemployment were【C13】______likely to own stocks a decade later. Individuals personal misfortunes, however, could explain at most half of the【C14】______in stock ownership, the authors reckon. They【C15】______the remainder to "changes in beliefs and preferences" that are not easily measured. This seems【C16】______with a growing body of research that links a low tolerance of risk to 【C17】______emotional trauma(a severe shock). Studies have found, for example, that natural【C18】______such as the tsunami(a large destructive wave)that hit South-East Asia in 2004 and military【C19】______such as the Korean war can render their victims more【C20】______for years.

【C1】

A．environments

B．finances

C．atmospheres

D．capabilities

al universities now face a new【C1】______in the form. of massive open online courses, or MOOCs. These digitally-delivered courses, which teach students via the【C2】______or tablet apps, have big【C3】______over their established rivals. With low startup costs and powerful economies of scale, online courses【C4】______lower the price of learning and【C5】______access to it, by【C6】______the need for students to be taught at set times or places. The low cost of【C7】______courses—creating a new one costs about $70,000— means they can be sold【C8】______, or even given away. Clayton Christensen of Harvard Business School considers MOOCs a【C9】______"disruptive technology" that will kill off many【C10】______universities. "Fifteen years from now more than half of the universities in America will be in bankruptcy," he【C11】______last year. 【C12】______, traditional universities have a few favorable aspects. As well as teaching, examining and certification, college education creates social capital. Students learn how to【C13】______present themselves, make contacts and roll joints. How can a digital college experience give all of that? The answer may be to【C14】______the two. Anant Agarwal, who runs edX-, one of established MOOCs, proposes an alternative to the【C15】______American four-year degree course. Students could spend an introductory year learning via a MOOC,【C16】______by two years attending university and a final year starting part-time work while【C17】______their studies online. This sort of【C18】______learning might prove more attractive than a four-year online degree. It could also【C19】______those who want to integrate learning with work or child-rearing, freeing them from timetables assembled to【C20】______academics.

【C1】

A．follower

B．innovator

C．competitor

D．programmer

responsible for blocking the creativity of a person. Fear of not being creative. Some people simply【C1】______their creativity in specific circumstances【C2】______others in more extreme circumstances feel unable to be creative【C3】______. Either way, the creative process【C4】______becomes blocked. If youre worried about being creative, its almost certain to【C5】______problems. For the best creative results【C6】______fear and let the ideas flow. Fear of lacking rationality. In order to best share ideas with others we need to【C7】______them in a logical and rational way. At times,【C8】______, its best for the creative process to not worry too much about being logical. Trust your ability to come up with a rational【C9】______when your ideas are put into practice and dont let worrying about logic【C10】______the flow of ideas early on. Fear of humiliation and embarrassment. A fear of feeling inadequate will【C11】______your creativity. When were【C12】______worried about others opinions, the creative ideas will be【C13】______by our own anxieties. There is a time to worry about others【C14】______, but that time is not during the early creative【C15】______. Fear of rejection. People can be very concerned that their idea will be【C16】______completely. Creativity will not【C17】______if a person is worried about a negative outcome. These fears are【C18】______if a person is working outside of whats【C19】______considered practical, feasible or possible. The【C20】______is that this is where some of the best creative ideas come from.

【C1】

A．trust

B．deny

C．refute

D．doubt

as firms grew profits and took on more staff despite falling business volumes, according to results from the latest CBI/PwC survey. The recruitment【C1】______is set to continue over the next quarter with an【C2】______"strong recovery" in volumes【C3】______falling costs will provide a further boost. CBI director of economics Stephen Gifford said: "With profitability growing, this is an【C4】______quarter for the financial services sector despite a fall in business volumes in banking." Firms are expecting positive【C5】______to carry into the next three months【C6】______a strong recovery in business volumes【C7】______will boost profits further. "Financial services companies are less【C8】______than they were about a【C9】______lack of demand but dealing with regulation is increasingly【C10】______plans for business expansion." Kevin Burrowes, PwCs UK financial services leader, added: "We expect the full【C11】______of the UKs economic recovery to be reflected in bank【C12】______in the coming months and their solid profitability is【C13】______by predicted cost reductions and increasing【C14】______on growth." Financial firms improving fortunes are【C15】______across the wider business community, with accountants BDOs business trends report showing【C16】______improving for an eighth【C17】______month in September to reach its highest【C18】______since the coalition Government was formed. There was a strong improvement in【C19】______expectations among services and manufacturing sectors, which【C20】______make up the overwhelming majority of Britains output.

【C1】

A．force

B．drive

C．spirit

D．incident

killing the bookselling industry. It certainly has【C2】______high street chains. But physical bookstore booksellers may【C3】______from Amazons latest announcement. On January 7th the company【C4】______the option of free delivery—which it calls "Super Saver"—for book orders under ￡10 in Britain. This follows a【C5】______of the free-delivery option in July 2013, and【C6】______a similar scheme the retailer has introduced in America Amazons aim is to push customers towards its Prime service, which costs ￡49 a year for next-day delivery on orders of any price and also includes its locker service. This preferential treatment has proven【C7】______And they seem to buy more【C8】______than non-Prime customers. But the【C9】______carries a risk. Amazon may【C10】______casual book buyers, for whom a Prime subscription would be【C11】______from shopping online—and send them back to physical shops. Such buyers may【C12】______away from delivery charges that will now【C13】______25% or more of an orders total【C14】______when buying a single book from Amazon. Readers could simply【C15】______their online buying habits, for instance by keeping a reading list and buying several books at a time. And the higher delivery【C16】______will make many books on Amazon as【C17】______as in high-street shops. Yet Amazon, which had a【C18】______Christmas season, selling 426 items each second, may not care if buyers give up physical books.【C19】______surveys show that people prefer the【C20】______of a newly printed book and the ability to crack the spine of a page-turner.

【C1】

A．reminded

B．accused

C．convinced

D．approved

neither working nor studying: almost a quarter of the planets youth. On the other hand, many of the "employed" young have only informal and【C1】______jobs. In rich countries more than a third, on average, are on temporary【C2】______which make it hard to【C3】______skills In poorer ones, according to the World Bank, a fifth are【C4】______family labourers or work in the informal economy.【C5】______, nearly half of the worlds young people are either【C6】______the formal economy or contributing less【C7】______than they could. What has caused this【C8】______of joblessness? Young people have long had a raw【C9】______in the labour market. Two things make the problem more【C10】______now. The financial crisis and its consequence had an unusually big【C11】______on them. Many employers【C12】______the newest hires first, so a【C13】______raises youth joblessness disproportionately. Second, the emerging economies that have the largest and fastest-growing【C14】______of young people also have the【C15】______labour markets. Almost half of the worlds young people live in South Asia, the Middle East and Africa They also have the highest【C16】______of young people out of work or in the informal sector. In rich countries with generous welfare states this【C17】______a heavy burden on taxpayers. One estimate suggests that, in 2011, the economic loss from【C18】______young people in Europe【C19】______to $153 billion, or more than 1% of GDP. And failure to employ the young not only【C20】______growth today. It also threatens it tomorrow.

【C1】

A．regular

B．alternate

C．continuous

D．intermittent

ts. The findings indicate that an【C1】______need— making rent, getting money for food—tugs at the attention so much that it can【C2】______the brainpower of anyone who experiences it, regardless of innate intelligence or【C3】______. As a result, many social【C4】______programs set up to help the poor could backfire(have an undesired effect)by adding more【C5】______to their lives. Theres a widespread tendency to【C6】______that poor people dont have money because they are lazy,【C7】______or just not that sharp, said study coauthor Sendhil Mullainathan. "Our【C8】______was quite different: Its not that poor people are any different from rich people, but that being poor【C9】______itself has an effect." Mullainathan wanted to find out how those psychologically【C10】______situations affected their overall mental【C11】______. To do so, the researchers traveled to India and【C12】______464 sugar cane farmers before and after a harvest. Sugar cane farmers get paid only once a year. One month before harvest time, they are【C13】______for cash; one month after harvest, theyre flush with【C14】______. The farmers took tests before and after harvest. When money was running low, they performed【C15】______on the IQ test and took slightly longer to answer questions on the test than they did when【C16】______wasnt a problem. The drop was【C17】______—about 9 IQ points. The research lends support to the idea that many behaviors【C18】______to being poor—using less preventive healthcare, having higher obesity rates, be ing less【C19】______parents and making poor financial decisions—may be caused by【C20】______rather than the other way around.

【C1】

A．mental

B．urgent

C．special

D．social