直到采了一辆自己的车，软件设计员才意识到开车，特别是在高速公路上开车，是一大乐趣。

n that it concerns animals in their normal activities and therefore,if we wish,we can assess the possible dangers and advantages in our own behavioral roots. Ethnology also is interesting methodologically because it combines in new ways very scrupulous field observations with experimentation in laboratories. The field workers have had some handicaps in winning respect for themselves. For a long time they were considered as little better than amateur animal-watchers—certainly not scientists,since their facts were not gained by experimental procedures:they could not conform. to the hard-and-fast rule that a problem set up and solved by one scientist must be tested by other scientists, under identical conditions and reaching identical results. Of course many situations in the lives of animals simply cannot be rehearsed and controlled in this way. The fall flocking of wild free birds cant be,or the roving animals over long distances, or even the details of spontaneous family relationships. Since these never can be reproduced in a laboratory, they are then not worth knowing about? The ethnologists who choose field work have got themselves out of this impasse by greatly refining, the techniques of observing. At the start of a project all the animals to be studied are live-trapped,marked individually,and released. Motion pictures,often in color, provide permanent records of their subsequent activities. Recording of the animals voices by electrical sound equipment is considered essential,and the most meticulous notes are kept of all that occurs. With this material other biologists,far from the scene,later can verify the reports. Moreover, two field observers often go out together,checking each others observations right there in the field. Ethnology, the word, is derived from the Greek ethos, meaning the characteristic traits or features which distinguish a group-any particular group of people or,in biology,a group of animals such as a species. Ethnologists have the intention of studying "the whole sequence of acts which constitute an animals behavior."ln abridged dictionaries ethnology is sometimes defined simply as "the objective study of animal behavior,"and ethnologists do emphasize their wish to eliminate myths.

In the first sentence, the word"laymen"means____.

A．people who stand aside

B．people who are not trained as biologists

C．people who are amateur biologists

D．people who love animals

ell. The exchanges themselves do no trading,they merely provide a place where prospective buyers and sellers can meet and conduct their business. Wall Street,although the best known,is not home of exchanges in the United States. There are the cotton exchanges in New Orleans and Chicago; the Mercantile Exchange which deals in many farm products in Chicago; and grain exchanges in many of the large cities of the Midwest. Some exchanges,like Chicago Board of Trade, provide market services for several kinds of products. These trading posts where products may be brought or sold are called commodity exchanges. The security exchanges,on the other hand,are meeting places where stocks and bonds are traded. Like the commodity exchanges,they help serve the economic life of the country. But when their operations get out of hand,they may become very dangerous. In 1929,the security exchange,or stock market,contributed to a crash-a sudden sharp decline in the value of securities. Many people lost fortunes; many corporations were bankrupted; many workers lost their jobs. The crash of 1929 has been attributed to many causes,among them wild and unwise speculation by many people and dishonest practices on the part of some business and of some members of the exchanges. Today,however,investing through security exchanges and trading on commodity exchanges has been made safer by regulations set up by the exchanges themselves and by regulations of the United States government. In 1922,the government instituted the Commodity Exchange Commission which operates through the Department of agriculture; and in 1934,the Securities Exchange Commission,to protect investors and the public against dishonest practices on the exchanges.

Security and commodity exchanges are meeting places for buyers and sellers of_____.

A．stocks

B．securities

C．products

D．all of the above

tell you【C2】______technology has crept into nearly【C3】______aspects of playtime and nearly every type of toy. The Hyper Dash, introduced recently from Wild Planet, is a【C4】______in point. "Its the perfect blend of technology, learning and exercise," says an educational psychologist. Wild Planet has【C5】______unveiled a younger version of Hyper Dash, for kids 3 to 5, 【C6】______Animal Scramble, which is due【C7】______stores in September. In【C8】______,the firm will soon release Hyper Jump. "Play and technology are【C9】______," says Claire Green of the nonprofit ParentsChoice Foundation. "Theres【C10】______putting the genie back in the bottle."

【C1】

在于实现，而是在于追求的过程。我们要时刻牢记，我们与生俱来的权力不是享受幸福而是追求幸福。幸福在于追求的本身，在于追求我们终生为之而努力并从中获得启迪的有意义的事情，也就是说在于追求的过程。对于一个民族的评价不是在于看它拥有什么或是想要拥有什么，而是看他想要并在追求什么。

g it like it is," or "letting it all hang out" My impression is that this overzealous devotion to speaking ones mind has more often led to hurt feelings and ruined relationships than to great joy and fulfillment. I think we generally agree that never expressing real feelings and repressing all less-than-lovely thoughts about each other【C2】______leads to constructive communication. Its a great relief to allow ourselves the luxury of acknowledging our human frailties and pursuing more honest relationships with others. But we need to strike a【C3】______between telling it all and telling nothing. Recently I received a letter from a mother who had been persuaded by her troubled twenty-five-year-old son to attend a weekend marathon with him. Under pressure from the group,her defenses collapsed and she heard herself telling her son for the first time that he had been an accident-that she hadnt been planning to have a child. He in【C4】______told her that he couldnt recall a single day in his childhood that he d been happy. "At that time," this woman wrote,"it seemed helpful. We cried and we made【C5】______; I thought telling the truth had been good for us. But the trouble is.it wasnt the whole truth. By the time Tommy was born I did want him,and at【C6】______he was happy. Ever since that day,weve both been haunted by some terrible feelings we shared. " I must admit that Ive come to the conclusion that some things are better left unsaid. Honesty is a fine policy as【C7】______as we know what the truth really is-but most of the time we dont Its a fine goal to encourage children to express their real feelings. And many marriages have been saved by an open confrontation of deep and painful misunderstandings. But we need a new sense of balance. Disclosure is not a panacea for every problem【C8】______even an end in itself. Its useful and freeing under some circumstances and terribly hurtful and damaging under others. Its a good idea,I think,to【C9】______your tongue for ten or fifteen minutes before saying whats【C10】______your mind. Try to decide whether its going to open up new and better avenues of communication or leave wounds that may never heal.

【C1】

lescence. Perhaps there had also been a middle-aged crisis. But for the rest of adult life he had taken himself for【C1】______.with his capabilities and failings. Now,when he looks in the mirror,he asks himself, "Is this really me? "—or he avoids the mirror out of distress at【C2】______it reveals, those bags and wrinkles. In his new makeup he is【C3】______upon to play a new role in a play that must be improvised. Andre Gibe .that longlived man of letters,wrote in his journal, "My heart has remained so young that I have the continual feeling of playing a part,the part of the 70-year-old that I certainly am;and the infirmities and weaknesses that remind me of my acre act like a prompter,reminding me of my lines when I tend to stray. Then,like the good actor I want to【C4】______,go back into my role,and I pride【C5】______on playing it well." In his new role the old person will find that he is tempted by new vices,that he receives new compensations(not so widely known)and that he may possibly achieve new virtues. Chief among these is the heroic or merely obstinate refusal to surrender in the【C6】______of time. One admires the ships that go down with all flags【C7】______and the captain on the bridge. Among the vices of age are avarice,untidiness,and vanity,which last takes the form. of a craving to be loved or simply admired. Avarice is the worst of those three. Why do so many old persons,men and women【C8】______.insist on hoarding money when they have no prospect of using it and even when they have no heirs? They eat the cheapest food,buy no clothes,and live in a single room when they could afford better lodging. It may be that they regard money as a form. of power:there is a comfort in watching it accumulate while other powers are dwindling【C9】______. How often we read of an old person found dead in a hovel,on a mattress partly stuffed【C10】______bankbooks and stock certificates? The bankbook syndrome,we call it in our family,which has never succumbed.

【C1】

lty: some planners believe in【C2】______transport system;others believe in making it possible for citizens to move【C3】______in private cars. There are several ways of【C4】______a public transport system. Sometimes it is built under the ground,sometimes it is on the【C5】______,and sometimes it is even above ground level, 【C6】______in parts of New York and more crime and Tokyo for example. In most cases, of course,it is a【C7】______of some or all of these elements. The【C8】______of the city centers has also been a problem in the last 30 years. The hearts of many cities have become poorer and poorer,【C9】______more and more crime and violence,【C10】______the people who can afford to have moved out to the【C11】______. This is the opposite of the situation 100 years a-go,【C12】______wealthypeoplelivedinthecenter, and the poor lived【C13】______the outskirts of the city. Ecological problems also【C14】______, as factories and cars pollute the air.tree are cut down to make【C15】______for urban clearways,and crowded conditions cause garbage to【C16】______in the streets. In order to solve these problems, some planners believe we should limit the size of our cities,perhaps by restricting population,or perhaps by offering【C17】______jobs in the provinces. Others believe that cities cannot be limited in size and that the problems must be solved in a【C18】______of ways—by creating green areas,building【C19】______houses for everybody,stopping factory pollution.【C20】______motor transport, and so on.

【C1】

A．minor

B．major

C．little

D．small

etch of rock that was between it and the seashore, he floated on the warm surface and looked for his mother. There she was a line yellow dot under an umbrella that looked like a piece of orange-skin. He swam back to shore,relieved at being sure she was there,but all at once very lonely. On the other side of the bay was a loose scattering of rocks. Above them, some boys were stripping off their clothes. They came running,their bodies bare,down to the rocks. Jerry swam towards them,and kept his distance a little way off. They were off that coast, all of them burned smooth dark brown,and speaking a language he did not understand. To be with them,of them,was a feeling that filled his whole body. He swam a little closer:they turned and watched him with narrowed, attentive dark eves. Then one smiled and waved. It was enough nervousness. They shouted cheerful greetings at him,and then,as he preserved his nervous,puzzled smile,they understood that he was a foreigner who had wandered from his own part of the sands, and they promptly forgot him. But he was happy. He was with them. They began diving again and again from a high point into a well of blue sea between rough,pointed rocks. After they had dived and come up,they swam round,pulled themselves up,and waited their turn to dive again. They were big boys—men to Jerry. He dived,and they watched him,and when he swam round to take his place, they made way for him. He felt he was accepted,and he dived again,carefully, proud of himself. Soon the biggest of the boys balanced himself, shot down into the water and did not come up. The others stood about,watching. Jerry,after waiting for the smooth brown head to appear,let out a cry of wamingjthey looked at him idly and turned their eyes back towards the water. After a long time,the boy came up on the other side of a big dark rock,letting the air escape suddenly from his lungs with much coughing and spitting,and giving a shout of satisfaction,immediately,the rest of them dived in. One moment the morning seemed full of boys as noisy as a crowd of monkeys;the next,the air and the surface of the water were empty. But through the heavy blue,dark shapes could be seen moving and searching. Jerry dived,shot past the school of underwater swimmers,saw a black wall of rock towering over him. touched it. and shot up at once to the surface,where the rock formed a low wall he could see across. There was no one in sight,under him,in the water;the shadowy shapes of the swimmers had disappeared. Then one and then another of the boys came gap or hole in it. He dived down again. He could see nothing through the stinging salt water but the solid rock. When he came up,the boys were all on the diving rock,preparing to attempt the trick again. And now,overcome with a sense of failure,he shouted up in English:"Look at me! Look! "and he began splashing and kicking in the water like a foolish dog.

It can be concluded from the passage that_____.

A．Jerry was not a good swimmer

B．Jerry failed to gain acceptance by the other boys

C．Jerry was on holiday abroad

D．Jerry was not on good terms with his mother

fixed by the manufacturer instead of choosing for himself how much to add on to the wholesale price he pays for his supplies. This practice is associated with the sale of "branded"goods, which now form. a very considerable proportion of consumerspurchases and it has led to a great deal of controversy. Generally such articles are packed and advertised by the manufacturers,who try to create a special image in the minds of possible purchasers—an image made up of the look of the article,its use,its price, and everything else which might lead purchasers to ask for that brand rather than any other. If a retailer is allowed to charge any price he likes he may find it worthwhile to sell one brand at"cut"prices even though this involves a loss,because he hopes to attract customers to the shop,where they may be persuaded to buy many other types of goods at higher prices. The manufacturer of the brand that has been cut fears that the retailer may be tempted to reduce the services on this article. But even if he does not there is a danger that the customer becomes unsettled and is unwilling to pay the standard price of the article because he feels that he is being "done". This may,and indeed often does,affect the reputation of the manufacturer and lose him his markel in the long run. It is sometimes said also that the housewife—who is the principal buyer of most of these goods-prefers a fixed price because she knows where she is and has saved the bother of going from shop to shop in search of lower prices. If one shop cut all the prices of its branded goods she would undoubtedly have an advantage in shopping there. But this does not happen. A store usually lowers the price of one or two of its articles which act as a decoy and makes up its losses on others, and changes the cut-price articles from week to week so as to attract different groups of customers. And so the housewife may feel rather guilty if she does not spend time tracking down the cheaper goods. How far this is true is a matter of temperament and it is impossible to estimate what proportion of purchasers prefer a price that they can rely on wherever they choose to buy and what proportion enjoy the challenge involved in finding the store that offers them a bargain. Those who oppose Resale Price Maintenance on the other hand, point out that there are now a great many different channels of distribution—chain stores,department stores,co-operative stores,independent or unit shops,supermarkets,mail-order houses,and so on. It would be absurd to assume that all of them have exactly the same costs to meet in stocking and selling their goods, so why should they all sell at the same price? If they were allowed to choose for themselves, the more efficient retailers would sell at lower prices and consumers would benefit. As it is, the retail price must be sufficient to cover the costs of the less efficient avenues of distribution and this means the others make a bigger profit than necessary at the expense of the public. The supporters of the fixed price argue that this is only half the story. The efficient trader can still compete without lowering his prices. He can offer better service—long credit,or quick delivery or a pleasant shop decor or helpful assistants—and can do this without imperiling the longterm interests of the manufacturer.

Manufacturers oppose retailers cutting prices on their goods mainly because they think_____.

A．retailers may eventually stop selling their products

B．it may reduce customers"confidence in their products

C．customers may feel uneasy when prices vary

D．it may sometimes lead to poor service

seudo-science, and science. What are beliefs? Well,simply put,beliefs are what you believe to be true. In this first method of interpreting man and the world, certain people proved the information about how the world works. Their teachings are beyond question. Their followers accept these beliefs because they want to accept them, not because of scientific evidence. Some examples are religions,such as Christianity. Christians believe in one God. who created the universe and all that is in it. They believe that this God is active in history,guiding and teaching His people. Like many religions,Christianity provides a number of specific moral rules and principles that make up an important part of its teachings. Superstitions,such as Fung Shui.are also common examples of beliefs. Pseudoscience.also called fake science,is any body or knowledge,methodology,belief,or practice that claims to be scientific or is made to appear scientific, but is actually not. In pseudoscience,people accept opinions,or choose to believe certain facts while intentionally ignoring others,resulting in a false understanding of things and events. Beliefs in magic,monsters,and ghosts fall into this category. Both Chinese Qigong and Indian Yoga are very good physical exercises that can help their practitioners keep fit,but when some magical power,they are turning Qigong or Yoga into pseudoscience. Many people follow pseudoscience be-cause belief in magic or mysterious powers is entertaining. Astrology has millions of followers all around the world, nol because it helps them deal with the world in any better way,only because it is just fun. Of the three methods,only science provides a rational way of understanding the world. It does not provide a moral system as religion does, and it may not always be as entertaining as pseudoscience sometimes is,but it is the only method that requires constant testing of facts,beliefs and ideas,resulting in changing theories as we get new information. Science teaches us to draw conclusions based on evidence and it also teaches us that some evidence is stronger than other evidence,and how to judge the evidence. Through our study of science,we learn to accept uncertainty,to question facts and theories,and to search constantly for truth. Most of us use all three methods in different proportions to view our world. Some scientists believe in theories without supporting evidence. And the scientific method is often used for unscientific purposes. But science is the only method that is constantly changing. It does not depend on the teachings of one man. Each scientist builds on the work of others and his findings,in turn,are used by others to increase our knowledge of the world.

Which of the following would be a good title of the passage?

A．Science and Pseudoscience.

B．Religion and Science.

C．Science, Pseudoscience and Religion.

D．Different Ways of Viewing the World.