Sarah was born on April 27,1984,to a woman described by the lawyers familiar with the case

,the bird offers a glimpse into the reasons human selects one species over another for survival. Facing possible extinction,the northern spotted owl gained partial protection when the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service recently listed it as No. 599 on the endangered species list of animals and plants. Experts say there are between five and 100 million animal and plant species on Earth,of which only two percent have been inventoried. One to three species disappear every day,according to the Nature Conservancy. At this rate,why all the hype about one spotted owl? "People respond to larger animals that we see or are part of our experience,like owl," say Daniel Taylor,a National Audubon Society biologist. "People know owls. People may not know spotted owls,but owls occupy an important place in our cultural psyche. " In a media age,conservationists have grown savvy about choosing simple and endearing symbols. Known as flagship species,symbols like the spotted owl tend to be things that are large,things that are cute and cuddly,according to John Cart,research biologist at Conservation International at Washington D. C. "Large vertebrates are important to us as a society than small vertebrates," says Daniel Taylor. He says that this fact reflects our preoccupation with the animals we eat or that eat us,or used to. Size is also a factor,because a species has to be seen to be saved. Strategically,Cart says,size is key because the larger the species protected,the larger its range is,and thus,the larger the habitat to protect it. Making the cover of Time magazine and garnering plenty of media attention,the northern spotted owl has also saved a flock of equally endangered, but less endearing species that share its forest habitat. Media images of the handsome spotted owl spurred a national audience into sympathizing with the rare bird. Often the more human traits an animal appears to have,the stronger its candidacy for stardom. A recent tuna commercial likened a dolphin group to a wholesome American family. Dolphins are seen as loyal, playful geniuses. Owls are,of course,wise. Other factors carry weight in piquing a public response. "We seem to have a fascination with black and white,"says Bill Konstant,executive director of Wildlife Preservation Trust International,pointing to the popular panda and killer whale. Ultimately,the most important thing for many conservationists is creating a new kind of symbiosis,using spotted owls and their attractive ilk to save a broader range of living things. When we save the spotted owl,what we are really doing is to preserve biological diversity.

The main idea of this article is that____.

A．the government should make a strong effort to save endangered species of animals

B．the case of the northern spotted owl reveals how scientists select one species over another or survival

C．the conflict between environmentalists and industry will intensify as more and more animal species become endangered

D．large vertebrates in danger of extinction should be saved over less attractive species

overing for yourself something that is important to you. It may be an idea or a bit of information you【C2】______across accidentally—or a sudden【C3】______, fitting together pieces of information or working through a problem. Such personal【C4】______are the "pay off" in education. A teacher may【C5】______you to learning and even encourage you in it—but no teacher can make the excitement or the joy happen. Thats【C6】______to you. A research paper,【C7】______in a course and perhaps checked at various stages by an instructor,【C8】______you beyond classrooms, beyond the texts for classes and into a【C9】______where the joy of discover and learning can come to you many times.【C10】______the research paper is an active and individual process, and ideal learning process. It provides a structure【C11】______which you can make exciting discoveries, of knowledge and of self, that are basic to education. But the research paper also gives you a chance to in-dividualize a school assignment, to【C12】______a piece of work to your own interests and abilities, to show others【C13】______you can do. Waiting a research paper is more than just a classroom exercise. It is an experience in【C14】______out, understanding and synthesizing, which forms the basis of many skills【C15】______to both academic and nonacademic tasks. It is, in the fullest sense, a discovering education. So, to produce a good research paper is both a useful and a thoroughly【C16】______experience! To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages often more that ever produced【C17】______, is disconcerting. To others, the very idea of having to work【C18】______is threatening. But there is no need to approach the research paper assignment with anxiety, and nobody should view the research paper as an obstacle to【C19】______. Instead, consider it a goal to【C20】______, a goal within reach if you use the help this book can give you.

【C1】

A．exterminate

B．impulse

C．intervene

D．exceed

r own. Were these fourteenth-century peasants,then,the originators of the cottage garden? Not really:the making and planting of small mixed gardens had been pioneered by others,and the cottager had at least two good examples which he could follow. His garden plants might and to some extent did come from the surrounding countryside,but a great many came from the monastery gardens. As to the general plan of the small garden,in so far as it had one at all,that had its origin not in the country,but in the town. The first gardens to be developed and planted by the owners or tenants of small houses town cottages as it were,were almost certainly those of the suburbs of the free cities of Italy and Germany in the early Middle Ages. Thus the suburban garden,far from being a descendant of the country cottage garden, is its ancestor,and older,in all probability,by about two centuries. On the face of it a paradox,in fact this is really logical enough:it was in such towns that there first emerged a class of man who was free and who,without being rich,owned his own small houses craftsman or tradesman protected by his guild from the great barons,and from the petty ones too. Moreover.it was in the towns,rather than in the country, where the countryside provided herbs and even wild vegetables,that men needed to cultivate pot-herbs and salads. It was also in the towns that there existed a demand for market-garden produce. London lagged well behind the Italian,Flemish,German and French free cities in this bourgeois progress towards the freedom of having a garden;yet,as early as the thirteenth century,well before the Black Death,Fitz Steven,biographer of Thomas a Becket, was writing that,in London: "On all sides outside the house of the citizens who dwell in the suburbs there are adjoining gardens planted with trees, both spacious and pleasing to the sight". Then there is the monastery garden,quoted often as a "source" of the cottage garden in innumerable histories of gardening. The gardens of the great religious establishments of the eighth and ninth centuries had two origins:St. Augustine,copying the Greek academe did his teaching in a small garden presented to him for that purpose by a rich friend:thus the idea of a garden-school,which began among the Greek philosopher-teachers,was carried on by the Christian church. In the second place,since one of the charities undertaken by most religious orders was that of healing,monasteries and nunneries needed a garden of medicinal herbs. Such physic gardens were soon supplemented by vegetable,salad and fruit gardens in those monasteries which enjoined upon their members the duty of raising their own food,or at least a part of it. They tended next to develop,willy-nilly into flower gardens simply because many of the herbaceous plants grown for medicinal purposes,or for their fragrance as strewing herbs,had pretty flowers— for example,violets,marjoram,pinks,primroses,madonna lilies and roses. In due course these flowers came to be grown for their own sakes,especially since some of them. Lilies and roses notably,had a ritual or religious significance of their own. The madonna lily had been Aphrodites symbolic flower.it became Marys;yet its first association with horticulture was economic;a salve or ointment was made from the bulb. Much earlier than is commonly realized,certain monastic gardeners were making remarkable progress in scientific horticulture—for example,in forcing flowers and fruit out of season in cloister and courtyard gardens used as conservatories—which had lessons to teach cottagers as well as castle-dwellers.

Small city gardens were first established in certain Italian and German cities_____.

A．in the central areas,unlike the earlier English gardens

B．by citizens whose forebears had obtained permission from the monks

C．by citizens who had surplus land by their cottages

D．on lines that anticipated cottage gardens

human condition. Our bodily ills have been split up and relegated to different experts:an itch to the dermatologist,a twitch to the neurologist and if all else fails,a visit to the psychiatrist. For this last,intangible function the family doctor has been taken over by the specialist confessional. Abroad,the family doctor is almost extinct. In Germany,every doctor "specializes". In Israel,you queue at one desk for a cut finger,at another for a sprain,and a third for shock—even if all three symptoms resulted from one accident. In Britain,both the growing importance of hospital facilities and the reluctance of G. P. s to unit their resources has gone far towards making the surgery an overloaded sorting depot for hospital clinics. There is no room for the amateur—be it in delivering a baby or calming a neurotic. Consultants and G. P. s begin the same way,as medical students obliged to cultivate detachment. But whereas a family doctor gets involved in the intimate details of his "parish",the consultant need only meet aspects of the patient relevant to his specialty. The more he endeavours to specialize,the more extraneous phenomena must be shut out. Beyond the token bedside exchanges he need not go. Consequently,in a surgical ward,there are no people at alhonly an appendectomy,a tumor,two hernias,and a "terminal case"(hospitals avoid the word "dying"). To make impersonality easier,beds are numbered and patients are known by numbers. Remoteness provides the hospital with a practical working code. Nurses,too,have evolved their own defense system. Since they care for individuals,they could with dangerous ease become too involved. The nursing profession has therefore perfected its own technique of fragmentation, "task assignment". This enables one patients needs to be split up among many nurses. One junior will go down a row of beds inserting a thermometer into a row of mouths. Whether the owners are asleep or drinking tea is irrelevant;the job comes first, in her final year,a student will undertake the premedication of patients on theatre-list. She has by that time learnt to see them as objects for injection, not frightened people. Nursing leaders realize the drawbacks in this system. There has been talk of group-assignment to link nurses with particular patients and give some continuity. But the actual number of experiments can be counted on one hand. Nurses,as they often plead,touchingly, "are only human". They shun responsibility for life and death. If responsibility is split into a kaleidoscope of routines.it weighs less on any one person.

In this passage,the writer is ultimately suggesting that____.

A．healthcare has become more efficient

B．healthcare has become less caring

C．hospitals have too many specialists

D．there should be more opportunities for amateurs in hospitals

Rise was not a hand-holding street. When you turned into it,you wiped your feet and minded your manners. Each house was decently detached,each privet hedge crew-cut and correct. Each drive sported a car or two, and the portals of most of the houses were framed by white pillars that had probably been delivered in polythene bags. Behind each set of white curtains lived people who touched each other seldom. Some had retired and moved into the suburb for the landscape and the silences. Whilst others had begun there, sprouting from the white sheets in the white beds behind the white curtains,who knew nothing of dirt except that of conception and delivery? Jack parents fitted neither of these categories. They were refugees from Nazi Germany. Not the mat-tress-on-the-the-donkey-cart type of refugee,winding in tracking-shot down the interminable highway,but respectable well-heeled emigrants. The flight of the Mullers had been in the early days,without panic and with all their possessions. Jacks fathers business had been an export affair to England so that there was little upheaval in their change of address. Both his father and his mother spoke English fluently,and through the business were already well connected with the upper strata of English social life. They traveled first class from Ostend to Dover,and early in the morning when only the white cliffs were looking,they made a deft spelling change to their name,and landing as the Millar family,they spoke to the customs officer in faultless English,declaring their monogrammed silver. Upshot Rise was a natural home for them. It was almost a duplicate of the Beethovenstrasse where they had lived in Hamburg. Quiet,silent,and reliable. Like Upshot Rise.it lay in a dream suburb,a suburb of dream houses,a spotlessly clean nightmare. Jack and Ruth walked enjoined up the hill. They turned into the house that took in the bend of the road. Jack tried to silence the click of the gate as he opened it to let Ruth through. He knew that his mother would be waiting for the noise behind the bedroom window. It was the first time she would see Ruth and Jack wanted to give her no time advantage. He wanted them to meet at the door and see each other at the same time.

It can be concluded from the passage that Upshot Rise has_____.

A．a strong community spirit

B．a problem with nosey neighbors

C．a sterile feel and appearance

D．residents with a flair for self-expression

n earnest consultation between all the hunters as to which spoor was most worthwhile following. The Bushmen would sit on their heels like elder statesmen discussing the size,mood,sex,and direction of the animals,study the wind,the sun,the hour and the weather generally. When they had picked out one particular spoor they revealed their decision by flicking their hands over it loosely from their wrists and making a sound like the wind between their teeth. They would do that,too,whenever spoor was fresh and promising and the gesture came so clearly from a background of meaning that we never saw it without an mediate quickening of our own pulses. The decision made,they would set out at a steady trot,until there was evidence that their quarry was near. Sometimes they would stalk it,first on their knees and finally full on the stomach,until the animal came within range of their bows. Frequently,if seen,they would make no effort to hide themselves but go slowly, hands behind their backs, imitating the movements of ostriches pecking casually at the food in the veld. When hunting in a group they seemed to prefer shooting in pairs,coming up together on their knees like shadows within a bush. Without a word being spoken but by some process of wordless intercommunication of purpose,simultaneously they would let fly their arrow sat the animal,the bowstrings resounding with a wild harp-like twang. That done they would stand up at leisure. They never expected the animal to drop dead at once,knowing they would have to wait until the poison began to do its deadly work. But the first thing to establish was that the arrows had found their mark. The arrows were made in three sections for this very reason. First,the poisoned head was made in one short hollowed piece which fitted into another slightly larger one which was joined to the main shaft,notched at the far end to take the bow-string without slipping or fumbling. This made certain that the wounded animal would be unable to rid itself of the arrow by rubbing its wounded place against a tree,for in this way the arrow-shaft either parted from the arrow-head on impact,or else when the animal started rubbing itself against trunks and thorn bushes. If the hunters recovered the arrows intact,of course,they made no attempt to follow the alerted quarry. But if they found only the shaft they would take up the spoor at once and the real business of the hunt began. How long it took before they closed in for the kill with their spears on an animal already half paralyzed by poison,depended on the sort of poison used,the size of the animal,and the nature and place of the wound. Sometimes the chase would last only an hour or two, but with the greatest of all quarries, the eland,it sometimes took a whole day. I have never seen a killing which seemed more innocent.lt was killing in order to live. On their faces there was always an expression of profound relief and gratitude when the hunters quest had been fulfilled. There was also a desire to complete the killing as quickly as passable. I have watched their faces many times while performing this deed and I could see only the strain of the hunt,the signs of fatigue from running all day under a cloudless sky in a high temperature,together with a,kind of dedicated expression, but no gloating,or killing for the sake of killing.

According to the passage the hunters kill their prey by____.

A．following their spoor

B．shooting them with spears

C．trapping them

D．shooting them with poisoned arrows

nsist that the circumstances under which the person grows up are principally responsible for the kind of person he becomes. Which view do you agree with and why? Requirement: In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. Length:No less than 200 words.

ave come and gone unknown to all but their friends and family. A few have left some trace on history: a discovery made, perhaps, or a record broken. Of those, fewer still are remembered long after their death. Yet of ali the people who have lived their lives during the last 1,000 years, just 38 have achieved the status of "Millennial Minds" - thats barely one in a billion. Those whose lives Focus has chronicled have thus become members of possibly the most exclusive list of all time. And choosing who should be included was not easy. From the beginning, the single most important criterion was that the "Millennial Minds" are those who did more than merely achieve greatness in their own time, or in one field. Thus mere winners of Nobel Prizes had no automatic right to inclusion, nor artists who gained fame in their own era, but whose reputation has faded with changing fashion. The achievements of the genuine "Millennial Mind" affect our lives even now, often in ways so fundamental that it is hard to imagine what the world was like before. Not even transcendent genius was enough to guarantee a place in the Focus list. To rate as a "Millennial Mind", the life and achievements also had to cast light on the complex nature of creativity: its origins, nature, and its personal cost.

The first paragraph tells us that____.

A．Focus had a list of "Millennial Minds" worked out in secret

B．Focus had compiled a biographical book of the lives of "Millennial Minds"

C．Focus" s list of the "Millennial Minds" consists of a strictly selected few

D．Focus tried hard to exclude most of the famous lives from the list of the "Millennial Minds"

During the transition of the Earths magnetic fietd,____.

A．compass will become useless

B．man and animals will be confused in directions

C．the magnetic strength of the Earth will disappear

D．the magnetic strength of the Earth will be stronger

reatures-appears to have started about 150 years ago,the New York Times reported last week. The fields strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planets lines of magnetic force. During a reversal,the main field weakens,almost vanishes,and reappears with opposite polarity(极). The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed,compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Birds,fish,animals that rely on the magnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster.despite claims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions. Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away,the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the worlds largest effort at tracking the fields shifts. A group of now satellites calfed Swarm are to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. "We want to get some idea of how this would evolve in the near future,just like people trying to predict the weather,"said Gauthier Hulot ,a French geophysicist working on the satellite plan. "Im personally quite convinced we should be able to work out the first predictions by the end of the mission." No matter what the new findings,the public has no reason to panic, Even if a transition is coming on its way.it might take 2,000 years to mature. The last one took place 780,000 years ago,when early humans were learning how to make stone tools. Deep inside the Earth flow hot currents of melted iron. This mechanical energy creates electromagnetism. This, process is known as the geophysical generator. In a cars generator,the same principle turns mechanical energy into electricity. No one knows preciaely why the field periodically reverses. But scientists say the responsibility probably lies with changes in the with changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron,which they see as similar to the gases that make up the clouds of Jupiter.

According to the passage,the Earths magnetic field has

A．misguided many a man and animals

B．begun to Change to it"s opposite direction

C．caused the changes on the polarities

D．been weakening it"s strength for a long time