The word" controversy" (Line 4, Para. 4) probably means______.

The author believes that in World War______.

A．our men showed spirit and heroism, while the Germans displayed ruthlessness

B．although our men acted heroically, they were almost as ruthless as the Germans

C．there was no difference between the actions of the Americans and those of the Germans

D．most people thought that with the passage of time they will realize how savage the Ger mans really were

_.

A．people have not yet learned how to get along with each other

B．words that carry emotional overtones tend to make people hostile to each other

C．words with objective meaning mean different things to different persons

D．politics, morals, and religion cause controversies that cannot yet be settled

The author maintains that in discussing______.

A．scientific subjects, emotional words are often used to make meaning clearer______.

B．debatable questions, objective terms are generally used to help clarify meanings

C．scientific subjects, objective terms are generally used, in groups to avoid controversy

D．debatable questions, emotional terms are used very often

ng or relation or property. This is the word's" meaning."

Let us suppose that the one grandparent of the dog was a collie, another was an Irish terrier, another a fox terrier, and the fourth a bulldog. We can express these facts equally scientifically and objectively by-saying that he is a dog of mixed breed. We have in no way gone be yond the requirements of exact scientific description.

Suppose, however, that we had called the same animal a" mongrel". The matter is more complicated. We have used a word which objectively means the same as" dog of mixed breed", but which also arouse in our hearers an emotional attitude of disapproval toward that particular dog. A word, therefore, can not only indicate an object; but can also suggest an emotional attitude toward it. Such suggestion of an emotional attitude does go beyond exact and scientific discussion because our approvals and disapprovals are individual--they belong to ourselves and not to the objects we approve or disapprove of.

Once we are on the outlook for this difference between" objective" and "emotional" meanings, we shall notice that words which carry more or less strong suggestions of emotional attitudes are very common and are ordinarily used in the discussion of such debatable questions as those of politics, morals, and religion. This is one reason why such controversies cannot yet be settled.

There is a well-known saying that the word "firm" can be declined as follows: I am firm, you are obstinate, and he is pigheaded. This is a simple illustration of what is meant. "Firm," "obstinate", and "pigheaded" all have the same objective meaning--that is, following one's own course of action and refusing to be influenced by other people's opinions. They have, how ever, different emotional meanings:" firm" has an emotional meaning of strong approval, "obstinate" of mild disapproval, "pigheaded" of strong disapproval.

In much the same way when, during World War I , thoughts were dominated by emotions, the Americans contrasted the spirit of our heroic boys with ruthlessness of the Germans. Now with the more objective attitude that has been brought by the lapse of time, we can look back and see that the spirit and the ruthlessness are objectively the same. Only the one word has an emotional meaning of approval, the other of disapproval.

The first three paragraphs tell us that______.

A．there is no real difference between calling a dog a mongrel and calling it a mixed breed

B．a dog of mixed breed is an emotional term

C．mongrel is an objective term

D．words may suggest emotional attitude as well as objective meaning

The author uses the examples of horse and ox to argue that______.

A．humans should not maltreat animals.

B．man wasted a lot of resources in his exploitation of the enviroment.

C．there was no technical improvement areas of human efforts.

D．stagnation which prevailed for a long time was as sterile as it was inhuman.

A．examples of the separation of mechanics and geometry.

B．cases about the studies of lack of communication between classes.

C．obstacle to the progress of technology.

D．his concern about the plight of the labouring classes.

During the Middle Ages, productivity of labour______.

A．was a primary concern of society.

B．was hampered by class relationships.

C．went beyond levels reached by the Greeks.

D．both increased and decreased.

ges led to greater productivity because______.

A．freemen had incentives to produce more.

B．masters had greater incentive to make their workers harder.

C．slaves never starved, no matter what they produced.

D．productivity could go in only one direction.

lity-was not a long time dying. For a millennium after Archimedes, this separation of mechanics from geometry prevented fundamental technological progress and in some areas restrained it altogether. But there was a still greater obstacle to change until the very end of the Middle Ages-the organization of society.

The social system of fixed class relationships that prevailed through the Middle Ages itself made improvement impossible. Under this system, the labouring masses, in exchange for the bare necessities of life, did all the productive work, while the privileged few--priests, nobles, and kings--concerned themselves only with ownership and maintenance of their own position. In the interest of their prerogatives they did achieve considerable progress in defence, in war making, in government, in trade, and in the arts of leisure, but they had no familiarity with the processes of production. On the other hand, the labourers, who were familiar with manufacturing techniques, had no incentive to improve or increase production to the advantage of their masters. Thus, with one class possessing the requisite knowledge and experience, but lacking incentive and leisure, and the other class lacking the knowledge and experience, there was no means by which technical progress could be achieved.

The whole ancient world was built upon this relationship--a relationship as sterile as it was inhuman. The availability of slaves made efficient machinery needless. In many of the commonplace fields of human endeavour, actual stagnation prevailed for thousands of years.

For about twenty-five centuries, two thirds of the power of the horse was lost because he wasn't shod, and much of the strength of the ox was wasted because his harness wasn't modified to fit his shoulders. For more than five thousand years, sailors were confined to rivers and coasts by a primitive steering mechanism which required remarkable little alteration (in the thirteenth century) to become a rudder(舵).

With any originality at all, the ancient plough could have been put on wheels and the ploughshare shaped to bite and turn the sod instead of merely scratching it--but the originality wasn't forthcoming. And the villager of the Middle Ages, like the men who first had fire, had a smoke hole in the center of the straw and reed roof of his one room dwelling, while the medieval charcoal burner( like his Stone Age ancestor) make himself a hut of small branches.

According to the passage, lack of technological progress in the ancient and medieval worlds was primarily due to the absence of______.

A．natural resources.

B．inventive ability.

C．people's desire for the" better things of life".

D．proper social organization.

It can be inferred from the passage that the author would______.

A．advocate a carefully managed economy

B．prefer the employment rate to rise and fall with the value of the gross national product as a check on labor costs

C．perceive high unemployment as undesirable but unavoidable

D．contend that manipulation of the size of the labor force would have prevented recessions in the years noted