In many states, budget requests by state universities have had to be scaled back or froz

r, unless the world were made of just【M1】______ microchips and markets, you could probably rely on globalization to explain with almost everything. But, alas, the world is made of【M2】______ microchips and markets and men and women, with all their peculiar habits, traditions, longings and unpredictable aspirations. So world affairs today can only be explained as the interaction between what is as new as an Internet Web site and is as old as a gnarled olive tree on【M3】______ the banks of the river Jordan. I first started thinking about this while riding in a train in Japan in May 1992, eating a sushi box dinner and【M4】______ traveling at 180 miles per hour. I was in Tokyo on a reporting assignment and have arranged to【M5】______ visit the Lexus luxury car factory outside Toyota City, south of Tokyo. It was one of the most memorizing tours Ive ever taken.【M6】______ By that time, the factory was producing 300 Lexus sedans each day,【M7】______ made by 66 human beings and 310 robots. For that I could tell, the【M8】______ human beings were there mostly for quality control. Only a few of them were actually screwing in bolts or solder parts together. The robots were doing all the work. There were even robotic trucks that hauled materials around floor and could sense when a human was【M9】______ in his path and would "beep, beep, beep" at them to move. I【M10】______ was so impressed.

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ntier had mostly disappeared and in 1910【M1】______ most Americans had moved to live in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new emphasis at credentials and expertise make schooling increasingly【M2】______ important for economic and social mobility. Increasing schools were【M3】______ viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American society. The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn of the century coincided to and contributed to【M4】______ an enormous expansion of formal schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Reformers early in the 20th century suggested that education programs suited the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women【M5】______ were one such population. Since looking after the house and family【M6】______ was familiar to immigrant women, American education gave homemaking a new definition. In preindustrial economies, homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it has commonly included income-producing activities both inside and【M7】______ outside the home. In highly industrialized early-twentieth-century【M8】______ US, however, overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem. Schools trained women to be consumer homemakers— cooking, shopping, decorating and caring children "efficiendy" in【M9】______ their own homes, or if economic necessity demanded, as employers【M10】______ in the homes of others. Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite out-of-date.

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a decade. During that brief time there has been considerate progress in establishing the extent and causes of【M1】______ malnutrition and what can be done to reduce it. Ten years ago, malnutrition was often thought of to reflect【M2】______ primarily a shortage of protein(and in some cases, vitamins or minerals). Most nutrition programs concentrated on providing high-protein food to children, usually in schools. However, emphasis【M3】______ today is similar. There is now a wide measure of agreement on several broad propositions. Serious and extensive nutritional deficiencies occur in virtually all developed countries, though they are worst in【M4】______ low-income countries. They are usually caused by undernourishment, not by an imbalance of calories and protein. There may often be【M5】______ shortage of specific micronutrients and of protein, especially with【M6】______ young children. But giving the typical composition of the diets of the poor, to【M7】______ the extent that calorie requirements(as estimated by the FAO and the WHO)are met, it is unlikely that other nutritional needs will also be【M8】______ satisfied. Malnutrition affects old and young, male and female, urban and rural dwellers; particularly prevalent among children under five, it reduces their resistance of diseases and is a major cause of their【M9】______ death. In many societies, girls suffer more than boys. Malnutrition is largely a reflection of poverty; people do not have enough ample【M10】______ income for food. On the condition of the slow income growth that is likely for poverty-struck people in the foreseeable future, a large number of people will remain malnourished for decades to come.

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d, only experiments to develop【M1】______ drugs to treat childhood leukemia were seen as justifying monkeys suffering. In Britain, experiments involving primates are very tightly controlled. Researchers must convince government officials that the knowledge be gained justifies any suffering to the animals, and that【M2】______ adequate data cannot be obtained by using other species. In practice, this means what monkeys are unlikely to be used in【M3】______ leukemia research, as the disease can be studied in other animals. So【M4】______ attempts to develop AIDS vaccines depend heavily on experiments of related viruses in monkeys, in which some of the animals are likely【M5】______ to become ill. Our poll indicates that a majority of British people would oppose these experiments. In the US, where regulations are less stringent, the goal of developing an AIDS vaccine is seen as sufficient justification for injecting chimpanzees potentially lethal strains of HIV. And while【M6】______ most people are probably not aware of such facts, 64 percent of those we polled judged correctly that regulations governing animal experiments in Britain are stricter than these in other developed【M7】______ countries. Just 11 percent thought that British rules are less strict, while 24 percent said they didnt know. On one respect, however, our poll reveals a disturbing gap in【M8】______ peoples knowledge which the British government might want to address. No prescription drug is marked without at first being tested【M9】______ in animals, yet people are either unaware that this is the case, but【M10】______ dont want to acknowledge the fact.

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of Windsor embodies much of the【M1】______ odd spirit of our times. Being thin is deemed as such a virtue. The problem with such a view is that some peoples actually【M2】______ attempted to live with it. I myself have fantasies of slipping into【M3】______ narrow designer clothes. Consequently, I have been on a diet for the better—or worse—part of my life. Being rich wouldnt be bad either, but that wont happen if an unknown relative dies suddenly in some【M4】______ distant land, leaving me millions of dollars. Where did we go off the track? When did eating butter become sin,【M5】______ and little bit of extra flesh unappealing, if not repellent? All religions have certain days that people refrain from eating, and excessive【M6】______ eating is one of Christianitys seven deadly sins. However, until quite recently, most people had a problem get enough to eat. In【M7】______ some religious groups, wealth was a symbol of probable salvation and high moral, and fatness a sign of wealth and well-being.【M8】______ Today the opposite is true. We have shifted down to thinness【M9】______ as our new mark of virtue. The result is that being fat—or even only somewhat overweight—is bad because it implies a lack of moral strength. Our obsession with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. It is true that in this country we have many overweight people than ever【M10】______ before, and that, in many cases, being overweight correlates with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease.

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ecret which has been concealed from strangers for years. English language possesses a vivid saying to【M1】______ describe this sort of situatioa The terrible secret is called "a skeleton in the cupboard". In varying degrees, we all have secrets which we【M2】______ do not want even our closest friends to learn, but few of us have skeletons in the cupboard. The only person I know has a skeleton in【M3】______ the cupboard is George Carlton, and he takes pride of this fact.【M4】______ George studied medicine in his youth. Instead of becoming a doctor, therefore, he became a successful writer of detective stories. I once【M5】______ spent an uncomfortable weekend which I shall never forget at my【M6】______ house. George showed me to the guestroom which, he said, was rarely used. He told me to unpack my things and then come down to dinner. After I had stacked my shirts and underclothes in two empty drawers, I decided to hang on my suit in the cupboard. I opened the【M7】______ cupboard door and then stood in front of it petrifying. A skeleton was【M8】______ dangling before my eyes. The sudden movement of the door made it sway slightly and it gave me the impression that it was about to leap out to me. Dropping my suit, I dashed downstairs to tell George.【M9】______ This was worse than "terrible secret"; this was a real skeleton!【M10】______

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aspects of popular culture are constantly changing, including that particular "subculture", what we know as the【M1】______ field of developmental disabilities. As our world changes, our words, and the way we use them to describe the world, change as well. It is far-fetched to say that changes in our language are among the most【M2】______ obvious indicators of overall societal change. Although names for most things survive in an extended period, a great many do not New【M3】______ terms are created or lent from other cultures; old terms fall from【M4】______ common use; some words acquire of new meanings and usages.【M5】______ Sometimes the names of things do not change, but what they refer to, their referents, change dramatically. For example, the particular collections of tasks, duties, skills, abilities, and knowledge that give【M6】______ meaning to the term "nurse" in todays operating rooms, are immensely different than what the term "nurse" may have meant on【M7】______ a battlefield during the Civil War. Similarly, principals still manage schools; however, today they often need to have the savvy of business【M8】______ person, the persistence of a labor negotiator, and the fortitude of a police commissioner in addition to their abilities as educators. Indeed, much of our world is now a swirling cacophony of changed words【M9】______ and referents, driven in large part by all of us. It is in the climate of【M10】______ cultural change, language change, and changing referents that we find ourselves contemplating new terms in our field.

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should therefore be aware of what Americans consider appropriate and proper hygiene practices. For some, American standards might seem exaggerated, natural, or even offensive. However,【M1】______ if you want to fit in more easily, you will want to adapt the practices【M2】______ that prevail in the United States, even though in doing so might not be【M3】______ easy. Here are few tips and suggestions. As a general rule, Americans【M4】______ usually consider that the odors that the human body naturally produces are pleasant They usually wash with soap at least once a day to control【M5】______ body odors and brush their teeth at least in the morning and evening. In addition, they use underarm deodorant/antiperspirant to control perspiration odors, and they wash their hair as much as necessary to【M6】______ keep it from becoming oily. While the practice is not universal, many people use perfume, cologne, mouthwash, and other scented products to give themselves an odor that others will presumably find pleasant. However, Americans generally do not like others to use "too much" of a scented product Too much means that the smell is indiscernible from【M7】______ more than a meter or two afar. Clothing should not emit bodily odors.【M8】______ The American practice is to wash clothing that has taken in the smell【M9】______ of the wearers perspiration before it is worn agaia The basic idea is that you should be clean. Makeup, perfume, and cologne are not necessary for social acceptability, but cleanliness is definitely expected.【M10】______

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ia Understanding that activity could shed light to whether the brain contains specialized structures for decoding【M1】______ linguistic patterns in general regardless how they are conveyed. A【M2】______ new study published in Tuesdays issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Science suggests that the brain does have such wiring, challenged the idea that speech and sound are vital for human【M3】______ language. Laura Ann Petitto and other researchers base their conclusions on a series of experiments which involves 11 profoundly deaf people and 10 hearing people. Earlier work had demonstrated that deaf people were processing signed sentences used mostly their left【M4】______ hemispheres, just as hearing people parsing spoken language. But the【M5】______ new study found that in addition, both groups rely on identical brain structures for similar tasks. The researchers were particularly stunned by this activity in the brain of the deaf. The puzzled finding has led Petitto and Zatorre to propose that【M6】______ perhaps areas of the brain once viewing as devoted to sounds actually【M7】______ contain different types of cells that are capable of responding at the【M8】______ patterns of natural language in any form. "Such neural specialization for aspects of language patterning appears to be neurally modifiable,【M9】______ as languages with radically different sensory modalities such as speech and sign are processed at different brain sites", the authors write,【M10】______ "while, at the same time, the neural pathways for expressing and perceiving natural language appear to be neurally highly modifiable."

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n as experiences of beauty, and whose soil is particularly favorite for the production of a crop called art works. This【M1】______ land of beauty and art has been visited numerous times by intrepid explorers, the aestheticians, who have given accounts more or less details, but always enthusiastic, of their discoveries. In most instances,【M2】______ however, the explorers met a cold reception on their returning home,【M3】______ while the reports of their findings were neither scorned or severely【M4】______ criticized. Now since we are about to venture into this apparently hazard region, it will be most advisable that we acquaint ourselves【M5】______ with that has been and is being said about the aestheticians and their【M6】______ findings, examine the charges, and see who is in fault, the explorers【M7】______ or their critics. There must be a misunderstanding somewhere, for among the explorers are some of the greatest minds of the ages, while their critics are men whose serious interest in art is beyond the【M8】______ question. We must take this step at the very outset of our own adventure in order to fortify ourselves for several risks and hazards【M9】______ that a mental journey of this sort entails. Our purpose, then, in examining the charges of the critics against the aestheticians is simply find out the better what the aestheticians are truly trying to do【M10】______ for us. An examination of the charges will reveal to us the nature and objectives of aesthetics as a field of study and investigation.

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