The aging process is not entirely determined by heredity, but is influenced by different e

ver imagined.

red the Nobel Prize in 1957 to another physicist from the United States, Tsung-dao Lee.

n out on field trips, outdoor activities or just collect autumn leaves down the local park. And the【M1】______ Department for Children, Schools and Families is to issue guidelines about extra-curricular activities, with aiming to get【M2】______ pupils out of classrooms and back into the real world. I suppose school-organized, adult-supervised activities are better than nothing. And theyre really not good enough. Indeed,【M3】______ excess health and safety measures at school are just the tip of the【M4】______ risk aversion iceberg leaving increasing numbers of young people without the emotional resilience, social competence and personal confidence to thrive in our society. The Institute for Public Research, couple of years ago, found British youngsters at or near【M5】______ the top of the European charts for almost every type of teenage misconduct. Nothing is mightily wrong with childhood in Britain,【M6】______ and after thirty years working with children and teachers(the last eight years which were spent researching toxic childhood), I【M7】______ reckon my risk aversion—not just in schools but in every area of【M8】______ life—is a major part of the problem. A combination of parental anxiety, community intolerance and all-pervasive risk aversion now threaten the mental and【M9】______ physical health of the next generation. This is becoming a matter【M10】______ of urgency that we reclaim public space for our children and relearn skills that came naturally to our ancestors.

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rage has emerged. Frequently I hear people who complain about the idleness of young people. Often their【M1】______ complaints reach a feverish pitch. Whats behind this rage? Some people fear were spawning a lazy generation. But there is more【M2】______ likely that our fast-pace culture blinds us to the need to slow down.【M3】______ Recent studies have revealed that North Americans take significant less vacation time than people in European countries.【M4】______ The same studies indicate that people have a hard time leaving work when they go away. It seems theres always another e-mail to【M5】______ check in or a telephone call to make. This has consequences for【M6】______ family life. And it points to a deep fear: Well be punished if we stop working. The art of doing nothing could seem peculiar to some. But in our wired world its easy to slow down. Sometimes it【M7】______ takes mental discipline to be idle. Multitasking and instant communication have given us many benefits. And they also【M8】______ produce frazzled nerves, sleep problems, strained relationships, irritability, and drug independencies. Thats why its important for【M9】______ people to rejuvenate themselves by slowing down. If we value healthy living, creativity, and peace of mind, we should recognize the need to be idle. By doing such, we may【M10】______ discover the benefits of simply watching a sunset.

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n, therefore, is more【M1】______ complex than even the most advanced machine, so improving our memory isn t quite so easy. Just as it takes effort to build physical fitness, so is boosting brain power.【M2】______ A strong memory depends on the health and vital of your【M3】______ brain. Whether youre a student studying for final exams, a working professional interested in doing all he can to stay【M4】______ mentally sharp, and a senior looking to preserve and enhance【M5】______ your intelligence as you age, there are lots of things from【M6】______ which you can do to improve your memory and mental performance. They say that you cant teach an old dog new tricks, but when it comes to the brain, scientists have discovered that this old proverb simply isnt true. The human brain has astonishing ability to adapt and change—even into【M7】______ older age. This ability is known as neuroplasticity. With the【M8】______ right stimulation, your brain can form. new neural pathways, alter existing connections, and adapt and react in ever-changing ways. The brains incredible ability to reshape itself hold true【M9】______ when it comes to learning and memorizing. You can harness【M10】______ the natural power of neuroplasticity to increase your cognitive abilities, enhance your ability to learn new information, and improve your memory.

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ome museums. Americans, however,【M1】______ attend to bring an either-or mentality to most things. The invention【M2】______ of television led to predictions about the demise of radio. The making of movies was to be the funeral bell of alive theater;【M3】______ recorded music, the end of concerts. All these forms still exist—sometimes overshadowed by their siblings, but not smothered by them. And with the direst predictions, reading【M4】______ continues to be part of the life of the mind. Theres no question that reading off-paper, as I think of it, will increase in years to come. A library that got 10 as gifts【M5】______ reported that within a half hour they had all checked out. And【M6】______ theres no question that once again we will be treated to lamentations suggesting that true literacy has become the lost art. The difference this time is that we will confront with elitism from【M7】______ both sides. Not only have literary purists now complain of the【M8】______ evanescent nature of letters onscreen, the tech fanatics have become equally disdainful of the old form. Perhaps we should look past both sides to concern ourselves with function instead of form. I am cheered by the Gallup poll in【M9】______ which asks a simple question: do you happen to be reading any books or novels at present? In 1952 a merely 18 percent of【M10】______ respondents said yes. The last time the survey was done, in 2005, that number was 47 percent. So much for the good old days.

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, are finding that extremely【M1】______ difficult to achieve a balance among a number of critical concerns. Some of the issues that educators and schools are facing include certainty about what academic and cultural knowledge and skills【M2】______ will be needed by students in the future, wholesale revisions of curricula, experimentation in teaching strategies, the need for teachers and students to become aware and competent in using【M3】______ new technologies, dramatic changes in bureaucratic and legislating【M4】______ policies and regulations, and increased demands on teachers. With the exception of the education system in the United States, perhaps no education system has been studied more【M5】______ intensively than of Japan. In 2001, in a well-balanced presentation【M6】______ of the Japanese model of schooling, including its similarities to and fro differences with that in the United States, Tsuneyoshi【M7】______ characterized the American approach to education as one that places an emphasis on competitiveness, individual attention from teachers along with individual accomplishment on the part of students, development of cognitive abilities, and separation of teachers in terms of their disciplines. In contrary, the Japanese【M8】______ approach(particularly at the elementary school level)focuses on the "whole child"; close interactions between teachers and pupils for long periods of time in cooperative settings with attention to collected goals, tasks, and rewards; and efforts to provide the same【M9】______ or very similar treatment for all students. One advantage of the American approach that is seriously missed in the Japanese【M10】______ approach is the formers attention to diversity and a sensitivity and concern for minority rights.

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ing, derived from an onomatopoeic beginning, the discipline of etymology began. Through studying the derivational history of words(etymology)the naturalists tended to【M1】______ demonstrate that the origin of all of language was ultimately relatable to words which directly reflected the meanings of their referents. The first philosophical forum on language eventually was【M2】______ developed into a discussion on the regularity of language patterns. Two basic theoretical positions merged as explanatory frameworks【M3】______ for language, that which opted for irregularity and that which insisted that language was essentially regular. From the pre-eminence of latter position it became popular to explain the【M4】______ irregularities of language on the basis language somehow became【M5】______ corrupted with proper usage through time; this theoretical position【M6】______ regarded the older forms of language to be the pure forms.【M7】______ By the Nineteenth Century there was a severe reaction to the highly speculative nature of the philosophizing about the original language of man which had characterized much of the study of language up until then. The interest was still historical, and the【M8】______ goal was not so idealistic. It was a romantic era of a rediscovery of the national past; the mother tongues of nations and families of nations rather than the mother tongue of the whole human race became the focus of attention. The romantic nationalism was a definite influence, but perhaps a more basic cause of the more real【M9】______ goal was the reaction to previously unscientific speculations.【M10】______

【M1】

distinguish between decoding and【M1】______ encoding processes, but such distinctions can be misled.【M2】______ COMMUNICATION is a system, simultaneously engaging in【M3】______ encoding and decoding processes. In social settings, we only occasionally speak, but we cannot "not behave." To understand nonverbal communication it is necessary to appreciate the interdependence of the verbal and nonverbal components of simultaneous encoding and decoding processes. An example of this interdependence may have seen in the cognitive processes【M4】______ directing verbal and nonverbal behavior. Both encoding and decoding can vary from being automatic to reflective and【M5】______ deliberate, but verbal communication is typically more deliberately【M6】______ and cognitively demanding than nonverbal communication. Furthermore, if we assume that there are limited cognitive resources available for encoding and decoding verbal and nonverbal components, then altering the cognitive demands on any【M7】______ one process can affect other processes and the course of communication. In general, to the extent that nonverbal processes require less【M8】______ cognitive resources than verbal processes do, nonverbal communication is more resilient than verbal communication. Moreover, specific interpersonal goals can make the encoding of【M9】______ nonverbal behavior(e.g., a difficult impression management task) and the decoding of nonverbal behavior(e.g., looking for evidence of deception)less automatic and more cognitively demanding. Understand the dynamic relationships between encoding and【M10】______ decoding aspects of verbal and nonverbal behavior. is a critical step in understanding the broader communicative process.

【M1】

coextensive with national identity. "If he speaks French, he is by any means necessarily French." French is【M1】______ not the private property of Frenchmen, as English of English【M2】______ people. This should be obvious when one reflects that English is the mother-tongue in Canada, the United States, UK, Australia, New Zealand, and many other areas of the world. Yet many of us still half-consciously feel that when anyone no other than an【M3】______ Englishman uses English, we have a special right to criticise his usage because he has privileged to handle something that is in the【M4】______ Englishmans gift. We feel that he must necessarily look us for a【M5】______ "standard", because it is "our" language. It is reasonable to regard【M6】______ any language as the property of a particular nation,and with no language is it more irrational than with English. This is not to say that English is used by a great number of speakers than any other【M7】______ language: it is easily outnumbered in this respect with Chinese. Whereas it is the most international of languages.【M8】______ To people in Africa or Pakistan or Chile, English is the obvious foreign language to master, not merely because it is the native language in Great Britain and the United States, but because it provides a readiest access to the cream of world scholarship and to【M9】______ the bulk of world trade. It is understanding more widely than any【M10】______ other language.

【M1】