A few years before this, however, a team of psychologists from Tufts University, led by Nalini Ambady, discovered that when people watched two-second-long film-clips of professors lecturing, they were pretty good at determining how able a teacher each professor actually was. At the end of the study, the perceptions generated by those who had watched only the clips were found to match those of students taught by those self-same professors for a full semester.
Now, Dr Ambady and her colleague, Nicholas Rule, have taken things a step further. They have shown that even a still photograph can convey a lot of information about competence—and that it can do so in a way which suggests the assessments of all those senior managers were poppycock.
Dr Ambady and Mr. Rule showed 100 undergraduates the faces of the chief executives of the top 25 and the bottom 25 companies in the Fortune 1,000 list. Half the students were asked how good they thought the person they were looking at would be at leading a company and half were asked to rate five personality traits on the basis of the photograph. These traits were competence, dominance, likeability, facial maturity (in other words, did the individual have an adult-looking face or a baby-face) and trustworthiness.
By a useful (though hardly unexpected) coincidence, all the businessmen were male and all were white, so there were no confounding variables of race or sex. The study even controlled for age, the emotional expression in the photos and the physical attractiveness of the individuals by obtaining separate ratings of these from other students-and using statistical techniques to remove their effects.
This may sound like voodoo. Psychologists spent much of the 20th century denigrating the work of 19th-century physiognomists and phrenologists who thought the shapes of faces and skulls carry information about personality. However, recent work has shown that such traits can, indeed, be assessed from photographs of faces with a reasonable accuracy.
And Dr Ambady and Mr. Rule were surprised by just how accurate the students' observations were. The results of their study, which are about to be published in Psychological Science, show that both the students' assessments of the leadership potential of the bosses and their ratings for the traits of competence, dominance and facial maturity were significantly related to a company's profits. Moreover, the researchers discovered that these two connections were independent of each other. When they controlled for the "power" traits, they still found the link between perceived leadership and profit, and when they controlled for leadership they still found the link between profit and power.
These findings suggest that instant judgments by the ignorant (nobody even recognized Warren BuffeR) are more accurate than assessments made by well-informed professionals. It looks as if knowing a chief executive disrupts the ability to judge his performance.
Sadly, the characteristics of likeability and trustworthiness appear to have no link to company profits, suggesting that when it comes to business success, being warm and fuzzy does not matter much (though these milts are not harmful). But this result also suggests yet ano
A.there was a link between a company's success and the personality of its boss.
B.There was no connection between a firm's success and its boss's personality.
C.people could judge a professor's ability by watching short film-clips of lecturing.
D.people could judge a professor's ability only after attending lectures for a full semester.
第1题
下列心肌损伤标志物中,具有较好的阴性值,用于排除AMI的较好指标是
A、CK
B、CK-MB
C、LDH
D、cTn
E、Mb
第2题
心肌损伤标志物中,用于排除AMI发生的较好指标是:
A.CK
B.CK-MB
C.Mb
D.cTn
E.LD
第3题
心肌损伤标志物中,用于排除早期AMI发生的较好指标是
A.CK
B.CK-MB
C.Mb
D.CTn
E.hs-CRP
第4题
心肌损伤标志物中,用于排除早期AMI发生的较好指标是
A.CK
B.CK-MB
C.Mb
D.CTn
E.hs-CRP
第5题
心肌损伤标志物中,用于排除早期AMI发生的较好指标是
A.CK
B.CK-MB
C.Mb
D.CTn
E.hs-CRP
第8题
心肌损伤标志物中,用于排除AMI发生的较好指标是
A、Mb
B、cTn I
C、CK-MB
D、cTn T
E、CK
第10题
下列哪项指标通常被作为心肌损伤确诊的标志物
A、CK
B、CK-MB
C、LD-1
D、cTn
E、AST
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