All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.
Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected , the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.
Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four he knows his language differs from that of his parents in style. rather than grammar.
Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity of speaking. What is special about man's brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern "toy-bear". And even more incredible is the young brain's ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.
But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child's babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child's non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.
The purpose of the Frederick Ⅱ's experiment was ______.
A.to prove that children are born with the ability to speak
B.to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech
C.to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak
D.to prove that a child would be damaged without learning a language
第5题
关于细胞免疫,下列哪项是错误的
A.T细胞介导,巨噬细胞参与
B.致敏Tc细胞介导细胞毒作用
C.由TD抗原引起
D.CD3传递活化的第一信号
E.抗原肽-MHC复合物传递活化的第二信号
第6题
关于细胞免疫,下列哪项是错误的
A.T细胞介导,巨噬细胞参与
B.致敏Tc细胞介导细胞毒作用
C.由TD抗原引起
D.CD3传递活化的第一信号
E.抗原肽-MHC复合物传递活化的第二信号
第8题
关于II型超敏反应的特点,错误的是
A.可由半抗原引起
B.常引起嗜酸性粒细胞增多
C.由IgC;或IgM类抗体参与
D.NK细胞可能参与病理效应
E.特殊情况下可无细胞损伤
第9题
关于细胞免疫,下列错误的是
A、T细胞介导,巨噬细胞参与
B、致敏Tc细胞介导细胞毒作用
C、由TD抗原引起
D、CD3传递活化的第一信号
E、抗体-肽-MHC复合物传递活化的第二信号
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