"We found again and again that people who perform. poorly relative to their peers(同等人) tended to think that they did rather well," Justin Kruger, co-author of a study on the subject, said in a telephone interview.
Kruger and co-author David Dunning found that when it came to a variety of skills-logical reasoning, grammar, even sense of humor-people who essentially were inept (无能的;愚蠢的) never realized it, while those who had some ability were self-critical.
It had little to do with innate modesty, Kruger said, but rather with a central paradox: Incompetents lack the basic skills to evaluate their performance realistically. Once they get those skills, they know where they stand, even if that is at the bottom.
Americans and Western Europeans especially had an unrealistically sunny assessment of their own capabilities, Dunning said by telephone in a separate interview, while Japanese and Koreans tended to give a reasonable assessment of their performance. In certain areas, such as athletic performance, which can be easily quantified, there is less self-delusion (欺骗), the researchers said. But even in some cases in which the failure should seem obvious, the perpetrator is blithely(愉快地;快活地) unaware of the problem.
This was especially true in the area of logical reasoning, where research subjects + students at Cornell University, where the two researchers were based + often rated themselves highly even when they flubbed(搞得一团糟) all questions in a reasoning test.
Later, when the students were instructed in logical reasoning, they scored better on a test but rated themselves lower, having learned what constituted competence in this area.
Grammar was another area in which objective knowledge was helpful in determining competence, but the more subjective area of humor posed different challenges, the researchers said.
Participants were asked to rate how funny certain jokes were, and compare their responses with what an expert panel of comedians thought. On average, participants overestimated their sense of humor by about 16 percentage points.
This might be thought of as the "above-average effect", the notion that most Americans would rate themselves as above average, a statistical impossibility.
The researchers also conducted pilot studies of doctors and gun enthusiasts. The doctors overestimated how well they had performed on a test of medical diagnoses and the gun fanciers thought they knew more than they actually did about gun safety.
So who should be trusted: The person who admits incompetence or the one who shows confidence? Neither, according to Dunning.
"You can't take them at their word. You've got to take a look at their performance," Dunning added.
Why do incompetent people rarely know they are inept?
A.They are too inept to know what competence is.
B.They are not skillful at logical reasoning, grammar, and sense of humor.
C.They lack the basic skills to evaluate their performance realistically.
D.They have some ability to over criticize themselves.
第1题
急性胆囊炎术中发现胆囊内有多发绿豆大小结石,宜采用
A、胆囊切除术
B、胆囊造口术
C、胆总管切开T管引流术
D、括约肌切开术
E、胆囊切除、胆总管探查T管引流术
第2题
急性胆囊炎术中发现胆囊内有多发绿豆大小的结石 治疗宜用 ()
A.胆囊造口术
B.胆囊切除术
C.胆总管 T 管引流术
D.括约肌切开术
E.胆囊切除、胆总管探查 T 管引流术
第3题
急性胆囊炎术中发现胆囊内有多发绿豆大小结石,宜采用
A.胆囊造口术
B.胆囊切除术
C.胆总管切开T管引流术
D.括约肌切开术
E.胆囊切除、胆总管探查T管引流术
第4题
急性胆囊炎术中发现胆囊内有多发绿豆大小的结石,胆总管扩张,宜采用()
A.胆囊造口术
B.胆囊切除术
C.胆总管T管引流术
D.括约肌切开术
E.胆囊切除、胆总管切开探查T管引流术
第8题
A.胆囊切除术
B.胆囊造口术
C.单纯探查,关闭腹腔
D.Oddi括约肌切开术
E.胆囊切除,胆总管探查T管引流术
为了保护您的账号安全,请在“上学吧”公众号进行验证,点击“官网服务”-“账号验证”后输入验证码“”完成验证,验证成功后方可继续查看答案!