Which of the following metaphors could the author most appropriately use to summarize his

isenfranchised "a piece of the action "(line 46)is

A．a compassionate, if misdirected, legislative measure.

B．an example of Americans" resistance to profound social change.

C．an innovative program for genuine social reform.

D．a monument to the efforts of industrial reformers.

E．a surprisingly "Old World" remedy for social ills.

American studies a few decades ago?

A．The range of different textbooks that could be assigned for such courses was extremely limited.

B．The texts assigned as readings in such courses were often not very challenging for students.

C．Students often complained about the texts assigned to them in such courses.

D．Such courses were the only means then available by which people in the United States could acquire knowledge of the field.

E．Few students wanted to take such courses.

ng a dilemma nonexistent a few decades ago, when hardly any texts in that field were available. Today, excellent anthologies and other introductory texts exist, and books on individual Asian American nationality groups and on general issues important for Asian Americans are published almost weekly. Even professors who are experts in the field find it difficult to decide which of these to assign to students; non-experts who teach in related areas and are looking for writings for and by Asian American to include in survey courses are in an even worse position. A complicating factor has been the continuing lack of specialized one-volume reference works on Asian Americans , such as biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias. Such works would enable students taking Asian American studies courses(and professors in related fields)to look up basic information on Asian American individuals, institutions, history, and culture without having to wade through moun- tains of primary source material. In addition, give such works, Asian American studies professors might feel more free to include more challenging Asian American material in their introductory reading lists, since good reference works allow students to acquire on their own the background information necessary to interpret difficult or unfamiliar material.

The author of the passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following?

A．Recommending a methodology.

B．Describing a course of study.

C．Discussing a problem.

D．Evaluating a past course of action.

E．Responding to a criticism.

nal paragraph of the passage?

A．Thus Wynne — Edwards" theory raises serious questions about the constancy of animal population in a region.

B．Because Wynne- Edwards" theory is able to explain more kinds of animal behavior. than is the density-dependent theory, epideictic explanations of population regulation are now widely accepted.

C．The results of one study, for instance, have suggested that group vocalizing is more often used to defend territory than to provide information about population density.

D．Some of these studies have, in fact, worked out a systematic and complex code of social behavior. that can regulate population size.

E．One study, for example, has demonstrated that birds are more likely to use winter-roosting aggregations than group vocalizing in order to provide information on population size.

The quotation in lines 57 - 58 is most probably used to

A．counter a position that the author of the passage believes is incorrect.

B．state a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence.

C．show how opponents of the viewpoint of the author of the passage have supported their arguments.

D．point out a paradox contained in a controversial viewpoint.

E．present a historical maxim to challenge the principle introduced in the third paragraph.

tually increase the risk of cancer in recipients after about 45 years of use. Though these implants do improve the quality of recipients lives, the increased risk of cancer is an unacceptable price to pay for these improvements. Therefore, they should be banned. Which of the following, if true, is the strongest counterargument to the argument above?

A．Artificial-hip implant surgery can cause severe complications, such as infection, chronic fever, and bone degeneration, and these complications can themselves be crippling or even fatal.

B．Almost all artificial-hip implant recipients receive their implants at an age when they are unlikely to live more than an additional 30 years.

C．Although artificial-hip implants increase the risk of cancer after about 45 years of use, a few of the cancers they induce are not fatal.

D．Since artificial-hip implants are not very common, banning them would cause little hardship.

E．Although the benefits of artificial-hip implant surgery have remained substantially the same over the past decade, the price of the surgery has risen considerably.

a gallon today. It can be concluded that maple-syrup harvesters have been artificially inflating prices and that governmental price regulations are necessary to control rising prices. Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the conclusion drawn above?

A．The government already requires maple-syrup harvesters to submit their facilities to licensing by the health department .

B．Insect infestation and drought have stunted the growth of syrup-producing maple trees and caused less-abundant syrup harvests.

C．Maple syrup is produced in rural areas that suffer from high unemployment.

D．Technological improvements in maple-syrup harvesting have reduced production costs.

E．Maple-syrup prices have risen many times in the past, though never before at the rate recently observed.

nts found that in each case the twins were similar in character, medical history, and life experiences. The researchers saw these results as confirmation of the hypothesis that heredity is more important than environment in determining human personalities and life histories. The existence of which of the following would tend to weaken the support for the hypothesis above most seriously?

A．A set of identical twins raised together who are shown by appropriate tests to have very similar value systems.

B．A pair or identical twins raised apart who differ markedly with respect to aggressiveness and other personality traits.

C．A younger brother and older sister raised together who have similar personalities and life experiences.

D．A mother and daughter who have the same profession even though they have very different temperaments.

E．A pair of twins raised together who have similar personality traits but different value systems.

amount of forestland has not been reduced. Therefore, the decrease in the county s songbird population cannot be attributed to the growth in the countys human population.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion above?

A．As the human population of Middlesex County has grown, there has been an increase in the number of shopping malls built.

B．The presence of more garbage cans resulting from the increase in the county"s human population ensures the survival of more raccoons, which prey on songbird eggs whenever available.

C．There has recently been a decrease in the amount of rainforest land in Central and South America, where songbirds spend the winter months.

D．Although several species of songbirds are disappearing from Middlesex County, these species are far from being endangered.

E．The disappearance of songbirds, which eat insects, often results in increased destruction of trees by insects.

is proved by the discovery of a positive relationship between the duration of the mothers labor and the amount of time the child spent crying in the first month of life. Which of the following, if true, LEAST damages the authors assertion?

A．There is no relationship between the amount of time spent crying and psychological maladjustment.

B．Behavior. indicative of psychological maladjustment does not appear until the third month of a child"s life.

C．From the infant"s point of view, a hurried labor is more stressful than a gradual, slow delivery.

D．The estimates of the duration of labor were based on obstetricians" estimates of the time of the onset of labor.

E．The infants who have experienced the greatest stress during birth are often too weak to cry for extended periods of time.