Unlike small and medium-sized stars, large stars ______ quickly.

A.small brake shoes

B.spinning discs

C.rigid brake shoes

D.large brake band with a suitable friction material

Small city gardens were first established in certain Italian and German cities_____.

A．in the central areas,unlike the earlier English gardens

B．by citizens whose forebears had obtained permission from the monks

C．by citizens who had surplus land by their cottages

D．on lines that anticipated cottage gardens

听力原文： With only one or two exceptions, Summerhill is quite unlike any other school in England. Being a small private boarding school founded over 70 years ago by A.S. Neil, it continues to this day to follow his belief that children should be given as much freedom as possible. This means, for one thing, that lessons are optional. Children can choose which subjects they go to or can decide to stay away from lessons altogether if they wish. Many children who transfer to Summerhill from more conventional schools where lessons are compulsory can often hardly believe their luck and stay away from lessons for many weeks after their arrival. But eventually they settle in and start attending classes quite voluntarily. The school can take this casual approach to children missing lessons partly because of its belief that much of the work done by pupils in ordinary schools is simply a waste of time and partly because willing pupils learn much more quickly. Good digestion waits on appetite.

Summerhill is remarkable in other ways too. There is a weekly meeting of all the pupils and staff which makes school rules and policy. Everyone has the same fights and teachers can be outvoted by pupils. The meeting appoints a tribunal which deals with those caught stealing or breaking school roles.

(33)

A．An unusual school.

B．A strange educational approach.

C．An unusual person.

D．Why a specific school was established.

For decades, arms-control talks centered on nuclear weapons. This is hardly surprising, since a single nuclear bomb can destroy an entire city. Yet, unlike smaller arms, these immensely powerful weapons have not been used in war in over 50 years.

Historian John Keegan writes: “Nuclear weapons have, since August 9, 1945, killed no one. The 50,000,000 who have died in war since that date have for the most part, been killed by cheap, mass-produced weapons and small ammunition, costing little more than the transistor radios which have flooded the world in the same period. Because small weapons have disrupted life very little in the advanced world, outside the restricted localities where drug-dealing and political terrorism flourish, the populations of the rich states have been slow to recognize the horror that this pollution has brought in its train.

Why have small arms become the weapons of choice in recent wars？ Part of the reason lies in the relationship between conflict and poverty. Most of the wars fought during the 1990s took place in countries that are poor----too poor to buy sophisticated weapon systems. Small arms and light weapons are a bargain. For example, 50 million dollars, which is approximately the cost of a single modern jet fighter, can equip an army with 200,000 assault rifles.

Another reason why small weapons are so popular is that they are lethal. A single rapid-fire assault rifle can fire hundreds of rounds a minute. They are also easy to use and maintain. A child of ten can be taught to strip and reassemble a typical assault rifle. A child can also quickly learn to aim and fire that rifle into a crowd of people.

The global traffic in guns is complex. The illegal trade of small arms is big. In some African wars, paramilitary groups have bought billions of dollars’ worth of small arms and light weapons, not with money, but with diamonds seized from diamond-mining areas.

Weapons are also linked to the illegal trade in drugs. It is not unusual for criminal organizations to use the same routes to smuggle drugs in one direction and to smuggle guns in the other.

11. It is implied in the passage that _____.

A、the nuclear arms-control talks can never reach an agreement

B、small arms-control is more important than nuclear arms-control

C、the power of nuclear weapons to kill people has been diminished

D、unclear weapons were the topic of arms-control talks 50 years ago

12. The advanced world neglect the problems of small arms because ____.

A、They have to deal with drug-dealing and political terrorism.

B、They have no such problems as are caused by small weapons.

C、They face other more important problems such as pollution.

D、They have not recognized the seriousness of the problems in time.

13. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the reason for the prevalence of small arms？

A、Small arms are cheap.

B、Small arms are powerful.

C、Small arms are easier to use.

D、Small arms are easier to get.

14. We can conclude from the passage that _____.

A、small arms are not expensive in the black-market

B、it is unfair to exchange small arms for diamond

C、criminals use the same passage to smuggle drugs and small arms

D、where there are drugs, there are small arms

15. The best title for this passage is _____.

A、Small Arms Talks, Not Nuclear Arms Talks.

B、Neglect of Small Arms Control.

C、Global Traffic in Small Arms.

D、Small Arms, Big Problems.

Unlike most sports, which evolved over time from street games, basketball was designed by one man to suit a particular purpose. The man was Dr. James Naismith, and his purpose was to invent a vigorous game that could be played indoors in the winter.

In 1891, Naismith was an instructor at a training school, which trained physical education instructors for the YMCAs. That year the school was trying 【B1】______ up with a physical activity that the men could enjoy 【B2】______ the football and baseball seasons. None of the standard indoor activities 【B3】______ their interest for long. Naismith was asked to solve the problem by the school.

He first tried to 【B4】______ some of the popular outdoor sports, but they were all too rough. The men were getting bruised from tackling each other and 【B5】______ hit with equipment. So, Naismith decided to invent a game that would incorporate the most common elements of outdoor team sports without having the real physical contact. Most popular sports used a ball. So he chose a soccer ball because it was soft and large enough that it

【B6】______ no equipment, such as a bat or a racket to hit it. Next he decided 【B7】______ an elevated goal, so that scoring would depend on skill and accuracy rather than on 【B8】______ only. His goals were two peach baskets, 【B9】______ to ten-foot-high balconies at each end of the gym. The basic 【B10】______ of the game was to throw the ball into the basket. Naismith wrote rules for the game, 【B11】______ of which, though with some small changes, are still 【B12】______ effect.

Basketball was an immediate success. The students【B13】______ it to their friends, and the new sport quickly 【B14】______ on. Today, basketball is one of the most popular games 【B15】______ the world.

【B1】

A．to have come

B．coming

C．come

D．to come

ide is best—but it mustn't be too (1)_____. After three years, the bushes will start to (2)_____ bright-red coffee "cherries", which are picked, processed to (3)_____ the inner part, and spread out to dry for days, (4)_____ on concrete. They are (5)_____ again to separate the bean, which needs to rest, preferably for a few months. Only then can it be roasted, ground and brewed (6)_____ the stuff that dreams are suppressed with.

In Mexico and parts of Central America, (7)_____ in Colombia, most coffee farmers are smallholders. They found it especially hard to (8)_____ the recent fall in the coffee price. The (9)_____ of their income makes it hard for farmers to invest to (10)_____ their crop, says Fernando Celis. The fall forced many small farmers to (11)_____ other crops, or migrate to cities.

For farmers, one way out of this (12)_____ is to separate the price they are paid (13)_____ the international commodities markets. This is the (14)_____ of Fair-trade, an organization which certifies products as "responsibly" sourced. Fair-trade determines at what price farmers make what it considers a (15)_____ profit. Its current (16)_____ is that the appropriate figure is 10% above the market price.

(17)_____, sales of Fair-trade-certified coffee have increased from $22.5m per year to $87m per year since 1998. This is still a tiny fraction of the overall world coffee trade, worth $10 billion (18)_____ But there are plenty of other markets for high-quality coffee. Some small producers can (19)_____ more by marketing their coffee as organic or "bird-friendly" because, unlike large, mechanized plantations, they have (20)_____ shade trees.

A．steep

B．high

C．big

D．wide

Unlike most sports, which evolved over time from street games, basketball was designed by one man to suit a particular purpose. The man was Dr. James Naismith, and his purpose was to invent a vigorous game that could be played indoors in the winter.

In 1891, Naismith was an instructor at a training school, which trained physical education instructors for the YMCAs. That year the school was trying 【B1】______ up with a physical activity that the men could enjoy 【B2】______ the football and baseball seasons. None of the standard indoor activities 【B3】______ their interest for long. Naismith was asked to solve the problem by the school.

He first tried to 【B4】______ some of the popular outdoor sports, but they were all too rough. The men were getting bruised from tackling each other and 【B5】______ hit with equipment. So, Naismith decided to invent a game that would incorporate the most common elements of outdoor team sports without having the real physical contact. Most popular sports used a ball. So he chose a soccer ball because it was soft and large enough that it

【B6】______ no equipment, such as a bat or a racket to hit it. Next he decided 【B7】______ an elevated goal, so that scoring would depend on skill and accuracy rather than on 【B8】______ only. His goals were two peach baskets, 【B9】______ to ten-foot-high balconies at each end of the gym. The basic 【B10】______ of the game was to throw the ball into the basket. Naismith wrote rules for the game, 【B11】______ of which, though with some small changes, are still 【B12】______ effect.

Basketball was an immediate success. The students【B13】______ it to their friends, and the new sport quickly 【B14】______ on. Today, basketball is one of the most popular games 【B15】______ the world.

【B1】

A．to have come

B．coming

C．come

D．to come

passenger single-deck【B1】, is to go into【B2】in Manchester shortly, and discussions with the Department of the Environment are【B3】to lead to a【B4】batch(批) of twenty going into【B5】passenger service in Manchester within two years. Unlike the small government-sponsored battery bus now【B6】trials in provincial cities,【B7】low speed and range effectively limits it to city-centre operation, the new Silent Rider,【B8】a range of 40 miles between charges and a【B9】of 40 m.p.h., will take【B10】with diesel(柴油) buses for normal urban and suburban【B11】. Its capital【B12】is higher【B13】lower maintenance and fuel costs bring it【B14】to a fully competitive cost with the diesel bus over a thirteen-year life, without【B15】into account the environmental benefits. The Chloride battery group, which is developing【B16】in partnership with SELNEC is confident【B17】a market potential of 400 vehicles a year. The bus weighs 16 tons,【B18】which the batteries and passengers account for 4【B19】. It has a single set of batteries, which take three and a half-hour to【B20】, against the normal eight hours of passenger traffic.

【B1】

A．motor

B．vehicle

C．transport

D．carriage

Crosby's recent study of American historical demography is blithely based

on the reconstitution of the records of single parishes, a method that often

excludes migrants. Moreover, it is troublesome for historians to obtain

Line information on the birthdates of people who relocated to the parish, and equally

(5) difficult to follow those who had migrated to new places of residence. Thus, the

exclusion of migrants also followed from the way spatial units were once

conceived by the parishioners themselves, a stable and unchanging pre-modern

countryside of interchangeable towns unlike "modern" flows to cities.

As a result, migration was improperly assumed to be irrelevant because the

(10) small units in the countryside were interchangeable and migrants into a parish

could thus stand as a proxy for those who had left. In any case, it was thought

that migration in the countryside was repetitive and occurred only in response to

life course events, such as finding a spouse, and thus, like the parishioners

themselves, Crosby complacently equates the demographics of migrants to those

(15) of more sedimentary populations.

In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with

A．summarizing the findings of a study

B．placing new research within its historical context

C．evaluating the methodology of a historian

D．comparing various demographical techniques

E．establishing categories

Crosby's recent study of American historical demography is blithely based

on the reconstitution of the records of single parishes, a method that often

excludes migrants. Moreover, it is troublesome for historians to obtain

information on the birthdates of people who relocated to the parish, and equally

(5) difficult to follow those who had migrated to new places of residence. Thus, the

exclusion of migrants also followed from the way spatial units were once

conceived by the parishioners themselves, a stable and unchanging pre-modern

countryside of interchangeable towns unlike "modern" flows to cities.

As a result, migration was improperly assumed to be irrelevant because the

(10) small units in the countryside were interchangeable and migrants into a parish

could thus stand as a proxy for those who had left. In any case, it was thought

that migration in the countryside was repetitive and occurred only in response to

life course events, such as finding a spouse, and thus, like the parishioners

themselves, Crosby complacently equates the demographics of migrants to those

(15) of more sedimentary populations.

In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with

A．summarizing the findings of a study

B．placing new research within its historical context

C．evaluating the methodology of a historian

D．comparing various demographical techniques

E．establishing categories