Part B
Directions:
Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.
In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.
Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.
41._________
[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.
[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.
[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.
[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.
[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
第1题
何首乌饮片周边的颜色应为()。
A.红棕色或红褐色
B.浅棕色或深棕色
C.红棕色或黄棕色
D.棕褐色或焦黄色
第3题
下列对自然铜的条痕色描述正确的是()。
A.亮黄色或黄棕色
B.绿黑色或棕红色
C.樱红色或红棕色
D.黑色
第4题
A.药材切面淡黄棕色或黄棕色,气清香,味苦微涩。
B.药材断面红棕色或灰棕色,气微,味苦涩。
C.药材表面黑褐色,有特异香气,味微苦。
D.药材表面焦黑色,断面焦褐色,有焦香气,味微苦涩。
E.药材表面深棕色或深褐色,气清香,偶有焦斑,略有酒气。
大黄饮片的性状为
第5题
药材断面红棕色或黄棕色,显颗粒性,髓部有星点的是
A.白芍
B.盐附子
C.何首乌
D.三七
E.大黄
第8题
试卷附图中,图12的条痕色是
A.红色至红褐色
B.绿黑色或棕红色
C.淡橘红色
D.樱红色或红棕色
E.白色
第9题
远志的表面
A.浅红色或红棕色,有皮孔
B.深棕色或黄棕色,光滑
C.灰黄色至灰棕色,有较密而深陷的横皱纹及裂纹
D.灰白色,弯曲处有深横纹
E.类白色,表面有支根痕及皮孔
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