After each war， new ideas， new attitudes， new trades and occupations were revealed to vill

PART C

Directions: You will hear three dialogues or monologues. Before listening to each one, you will have 5 seconds to read each of the questions which accompany it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have 10 seconds to check your answer to each question. You will hear each piece ONLY ONCE.

听力原文： Stephen A. Douglas was the name of the candidate defeated by Abraham Lincoln in the 1860 presidential race. Nicknamed the "Little Giant", Douglas was short in stature but had a large head and shoulders.

It was only two years prior to the 1860 contest that Douglas defeated Lincoln in the Illinois senatorial race. During this campaign, The Lincoln-Douglas debates were popular throughout the whole country.

One reason Douglas was defeated in his bid for the presidency was the stand he took on the question of slavery. Southern Democrats, angry over his position, voted almost solidly for Lincoln.

Soon after the election of Lincoln in 1860, the Civil War began. Although Douglas had offered his services to the new president, he died from typhoid fever shortly after the beginning of the War.

When did Lincoln become president？

A．In 1858.

B．In 1850.

C．Up on Douglas' death.

D．Shortly before the Civil War began.

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.

听力原文： Einstein had a great effect on science and history？ An American university 'president once said that Einstein had invented a new outlook, a new view of the universe. It may be some time before the average mind understands fully the identity of time and space and so on—but even ordinary men understand now the universe is something larger than ever thought before.

By 1314 the young Einstein had gained world fame, lie accepted the offer to become a professor at the Prussian Academy of Science in Berlin. He had few duties, little leaching and unlimited chances for study, but soon his peace and quiet were broken by the First World War.

Einstein hated violence. The great pain and suffering of war affected him deeply, and he sat unhappy in his office doing little. He lost interest in his research. Only when peace came in 1918 was he able to get back to work.

In the years following World War I, honors were increasingly given to him. He became the head of the Haiser Wilhelm Institute of Theoretical Physics. In 1921 he won the Nobel Prize, and he was honored in Germany until the rise of Nazism when he was driven from Germany because he was a Jew.

(27)

A．Everyone understands Einstein's theory today.

B．Einstein achieved more than any other scientists in history.

C．The Theory of Relativity can be quickly learned by everyone.

D．Our ideas about the universe are different today because of Einstein.

PART C

Directions: You will hear three dialogues or monologues. Before listening to each one, you will have 5 seconds to read each of the questions which accompany it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have 10 seconds to check your answer to each question. You will hear each piece ONLY ONCE.

听力原文： Stephen A. Douglas was the name of the candidate defeated by Abraham Lincoln in the 1860 presidential race. Nicknamed the "Little Giant", Douglas was short in stature but had a large head and shoulders.

It was only two years prior to the 1860 contest that Douglas defeated Lincoln in the Illinois senatorial race. During this campaign, the Lincoln-Douglas debates were popular throughout the whole country.

One reason Douglas was defeated in his bid for the presidential was the stand he took on the question of slavery. Southern Democrats, angry over his position, voted almost solidly for Lincoln.

Soon after the election of Lincoln in 1860, the Civil War began. Although Douglas had offered his services to the new president, he died from typhoid fever shortly after the beginning of the War.

When did Lincoln become president？

A．In 1858.

B．In 1850.

C．Upon Douglas' death.

D．Shortly before the Civil War began.

SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST

Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.

听力原文： Here is the Democratic House Speaker Nancy Pelosi: "After more than 3,600 lives have been lost to a flawed strategy, we have a responsibility to create a new direction, to those who urge that we wait until September, I say it has been four and a half years and a half tuition dollars at least. We have already waited too 10ng." This is the second time the House has voted for a specific withdrawal target date. President Bush vetoed legislation approved by the House and Senate earlier this year that tied war funding to a timetable. The president has promised to veto any new such legislation reaching his desk and would likely have enough support on Capitol Hill to sustain a veto. In his comments accompanying the release of the interim progress report, President Bush reiterated his view that the U.S. can still succeed in Iraq, urged patience and said he considers history's judgment of his actions more important than public opinion polls.

How many times has the House voted for a specific withdrawal target date up to now？

A．One.

B．Two.

C．Three.

D．Four.

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.

听力原文： Einstein had a great effect on science and history. An American university president once said that Einstein had invented a new outlook, a new view of the universe. It may be some time before the average mind understands fully the identity of time and space and so on--but even ordinary men understand now the universe is something larger than ever thought before.

By 1914 the young Einstein had gained world fame. He accepted the offer to become a professor at the Prussian Academy of Science in Berlin. He had few duties, little teaching and unlimited chances for study, but soon his peace and quiet were broken by the First World War.

Einstein hated violence. The great pain and suffering of war affected him deeply, and he sat unhappy in his office doing little. He lost interest in his research. Only when peace came in 1918 was he able to get back to work.

In the years following World War I, honors were increasingly given to him. He became the head of the Haiser Wilhelm Institute of Theoretical Physics. In 1921 he won the Nobel Prize, and he was honored in Germany until the rise of Nazism when he was driven from Germany because he was a Jew.

(27)

A．Everyone understands Einstein's theory today.

B．Einstein achieved more than any other scientists in history.

C．The Theory of Relativity can be quickly learned by everyone.

D．Our ideas about the universe are different today because of Einstein.

SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST

Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.

听力原文： Here is the Democratic House Speaker Nancy Pelosi: "After more than 3,600 lives have been lost to a flawed strategy, we have a responsibility to create a new direction, to those who urge that we wait until September, I say it has been four and a half years and a half trillion dollars at least. We have already waited too long." This is the second time the House has voted for a specific withdrawal target date. President Bush vetoed legislation approved by. the House and Senate earlier this year that tied war funding to a timetable. The president has promised to veto any new such legislation reaching his desk and would likely have enough support on Capitol Hill to sustain a veto. In his comments accompanying the release of the interim progress report, President Bush reiterated his view that the U.S. can still succeed in Iraq, urged patience and said he considers history's judgment of his actions more important than public opinion polls.

How many times has the House voted for a specific withdrawal target date up to now？

A．One.

B．Two.

C．Three.

D．Four.

ig cities. Just after the Second World War these big, twenty-to-thirty storey buildings, hundreds of feet in height, were thought to be the ideal solution to the housing problem. For on the one hand, there was severe housing shortage, but on the other hand, there was lack of space to build houses in urban areas. Blocks of "high-rise" flats seemed at first to be able to solve the problem, since they can offer more families to live in on less land. The beautiful, modem apartments in the high-rises were much sought after by people who lived downtown.

Hundreds of the vast blocks had been built before anyone began to doubt about whether they were good solutions or not. Are they suitable places for people, children especially, to live in？ A well-known British architect, who personally designed many of these buildings, now believes that the high-rises may well make those people who have been housed in them suffer a great deal.

Evidence has been collected by social workers, which suggests that people do suffer. They complain about severe loneliness and deep depression living within these great towers. People also talk about lack of communication with others, no easy access to a playground for children, no chances for adults to get familiarized with each other. Many people say that they have lived next door to each other for years in the same building, but they never know who their neighbors are. Some experts say that a large number of people living in the high-rises suffer from mental disorder and even developed criminal tendencies. As a result of these new discoveries, plans for new high-rise blocks are being reconsidered. We Chinese are now building up many high-rises in big cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Perhaps we should also reconsider the idea too.

There was a big housing problem after the Second World War ______.

A．in London

B．in the rural areas

C．in many big cities

D．in many countries

e country was suffering heavy losses in the World War I. Inevitably, people began to lose faith in their ruler, Tsar Nicholas II. On 15 March 1917, after much political unrest, the Tsar decided to abdicate. He was replaced by a new government led by Alexander Kerensky.

To begin with a rival political group, the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lennin and Leon Trotsky, supported the new government, but their relationship soon collapsed. The Bolsheviks wanted even more change—their aim was to replace the existing political structure with groups representing each sector of society and they urged every worker to join a revolution in order to bring this about. In July 1917, the Bolsheviks tried to overthrow the government but failed. They tried again on 24 October and this time they were successful. The provisional government was arrested in St Petersburg, and Lenin took over as Head of State. Support for the Bolsheviks soon spread across Russia, and world's first “workers’ revolutionary State” became reality.

From the passage we may know that the situation in Russia in 1917 was______.

A．favorable

B．in disorder

C．inspiring

D．encouraging

Why the War Against Terror Will Boost the Economy

There is still a lot of uncertainty about how the U.S. economy. To analyze the likely economic impact of the war, I think of the current action as analogous to U.S. wars of the past. My main conclusion is that the current war will be expansionary and will, therefore, help the U.S. economy recover from its current slowdown.

If we consider World War Ⅱ , Korea, and Vietnam, we have examples of Large, medium, and small wars. In World War Ⅱ, peak military spending in 1944 was 60% to 70% of prewar gross domestic product. During the Korea War, spending peaked at around 11% of GDP in 1952, and during the Vietnam War, it peaked at about 2% of GDP in 1968. The evidence is that economic activity expanded during each war but by less than the amount of wartime spending. My estimate is that each ＄ 1 worth of military outlays led to a 60￠ to -70￠ increase in GDP. To put it another way, while military spending raised output, there was no free lunch. The spending had to be paid for by decreases in other forms of spending, especially business investment (and by more work effort).

The economic effect of the Gulf War is harder to isolate because military spending rose by only about 0.3% of GDP. The economy was in a recession in 1990, before the war started in January, 1991. Economic growth resumed by the second quarter of 1991 but remained low until 1992. The analysis from the other three wars suggests that little of the recovery stemmed from the Gulf War.

Spending Hikes. For the current war effort, if we sum up the likely near-term added expenditures for the military, domestic security, and reconstruction of New York City, we get at least 1% of GDP. This calculation is likely to underestimate added wartime spending because we will probably also see a long-term reversal of the "peace dividend" that resulted from the end of the cold war. During the Clinton Administration, from the end of 1991 to the end of 2000, defense outlays fell from 6.2 % of GDP to 3.8 % (and the number of military personnel declined by around 1 million).

Given the insecurity of the post-September 11 world, I would expect a long-lasting increase in defense spending. If the U.S. responds as it did during the Reagan Administration's defense buildup of the early 1980s, defense spending would rise another 1% to 1.5 % of the GDP over a one-to-two-year period. Thus, the overall spending stimulus from the war on terror will likely be similar to the extra 2% of GDP that was expended at the peak of the Vietnam War. Using the kind of economic response mentioned before, where GDP rose by 60￠ to 70￠ for each dollar of military outlay, this stimulus is likely to help the economy avoid a recession in 2002.

Not all aspects of wars are favorable to economic activity, of course. Consumers' perceived increased risk of flying, for example, lowers the demand for air travel, and the perceived higher risk of terrorism likely reduces business investment. However, negative effects were also present in previous wars, including Worries about Japanese invasion of the U.S. mainland during World War Ⅱ and about Soviet missiles during the cold war. Nevertheless, the net effects of previous wars on U.S. GDP turned out to be positive.

No Bailouts Needed. One concern about the current situation is all the nonsensical proposals in Washington for fiscal stimulus beyond the expenditures for national security and the reconstruction of New York. It seems reasonable to regard security in airports and on airplanes as public goods that should be supervised and perhaps partly financed by the federal government. But there is no economic rationale for general bailouts or subsidies of airlines, insurance companies, the steel industry, agriculture, and so on. After all, it is not only, during tranquil times that we ought to rely on free markets rather t

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

Modern Architecture Around the World After World War II

The Illinois Arts Council is pleased to announce the schedule of this year' s Modern Architecture Lecture Series.

This year' s series of lectures will feature a variety of architects from all over the nation and will focus on how modern architecture serves residents of urban environments.

The lecture will be held in the Stone Auditorium on the second Tuesday of every month from 6 p.m. to-8 p.m. A question-and-answer session will follow the lecture.

Details of each lecture can be obtained at our web site www.state. il.org, and those who wish to attend the lectures are advised to contact the Stone Auditorium box office on weekdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. to make reservations and pick up tickets.

Box Office phone: 401-651-4727

Manager's phone: 401-651-4268

What is the subject of the lecture？

A．Today' s architects and architecture

B．The comparison of the old and new construction methods

C．The decline of construction work in Illinois

D．The change of construction material