听力原文：How to Avoid Foolish Opinions To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mank

iling state is itself a potential target / for internal or external disruption and insurgencies. / A transnational or sub-state actor, / operating either within the troubled country or from points nearby, / may seek to exploit conditions in order to promote its own agenda. / Such activities could lead to the destabilization of an entire region, / thereby quickly escalating into a security threat / weal beyond the relatively minor interests originating from the failed or falling state. / These states also provide an environment / in which such actors can thrive, / exploiting the lack of effective governance to build their resources. / So, for example, / the inability of a state to control criminal activities / such as drug or weapons smuggling, money laundering, and terrorism / may eventually transform. the country into a kind of" safe haven"/from which the criminal can effectively consolidate and expand operations. / To the extent that such actors gain strength in these safe havens, / the failed state becomes a security concern for other countries, including the US. /

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gs, and usually goes on to suggest the thing which is familiar can help explain the one / which is not or is only partly understood. As in forms of logic, there is also the inference / that the similarities noted imply other probable similarities.

Scientists have often described organic processes by analogy. Some analogies are useful and accurate / as far as they go. For example, the comparison of the heart with a pump / or of the kidney with a filter / has helped illustrate the nature and function of these organs. However, analogies that have been proposed to ex plain the nervous system / have been less successful. One aspect of analogies is / that they are limited by the scientific understanding of the time. The mind cannot be compared to a computer, for instance, until there is a computer.

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听力原文： The English Program for Foreign Students

The English Program for Foreign Students (EPFS), / a program within the College of General Studies at the University of Pennsylvania, / provides training in English, as well as in cultural and academic orientation, / for speakers of other languages. / The program is designed for students and professionals, / who will need English in order to enroll in training programs, / pursue academic courses of study, conduct research, / or engage in cultural, business, or other professional activities. / EPFS courses are taught by trained and experienced instructors, / all of whom have at least an M. A. degree in Teaching English as a Foreign Language. / The EPFS staff is professionally active on both the local and international levels; / staff members include authors of published language teaching materials and recipients of teaching awards. / The EPFS is a member of the Consortium of Intensive English Programs / of the National Association for Foreign student Affairs (NAFSA). /

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SECTION A COMPOSITION (35 MIN)

At present people become more cautions when meet strangers let alone to help them. Trust between persons is at stake. Offer your idea about such a phenomenon and your suggestion to make a change.

Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:

On Aiding Strangers

You are to write in three parts.

In the first part, state specifically what your idea is.

In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your idea OR describe your idea.

In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.

Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.

听力原文： WAYS TO KEEP FOOD SAFE

People who grow their own food/usually want to keep enough from their harvest for future use./But they also want to avoid the risk of food poisoning./So food safety experts offer some advice./

One suggestion is to carefully examine vegetables that grow underground/before they are put away for later use./They should be dean, dry, and have no cuts./They should be kept in a cool, dry place./

Meats, fruits and vegetables can be dried and kept in doth bags./The bags should be hung in a cool, dry place./Hanging the bags in the air will keep animals and insects on the ground from damaging the food./

Fresh bread can be kept for later use/ff it is cooled quickly after it is baked./Then, it should be covered completely with dean paper or cloth. / Fresh bread can be kept in a clean tin container. / Be sure dust and insects cannot get into the bread./

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hat travels to our eyes. You see this page, for example, because light, reflecting from the sun or an electric light, travels from the paper to your eyes. Sometimes we see light as it comes from a direct source, such as the sun, fire, lighting, or a light bulb. The rest of the time we see light as it is reflected off objects. It must have been a great leap in the intuition of scientists to realize that light actually travels. It isn’t just there! In the air light travels at a speed of 186,000 miles per second. It travels slightly faster in a vacuum and slower in other trans- parent materials such as water or diamonds. It takes light less than one minute to travel from the earth to the moon and about 15 minutes to go from the earth to the sun.

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听力原文： There are many products and services on the market / which are similar in content / though produced by different Companies. It is vital, therefore, for a company to distinguish itself from its competitors / by having a strong company image / which is immediately recognizable.

Logos are part of this image. They are symbols which often include a name or initials / to identify a company. The logo establishes a visual identity for the company, just as different groups of young people express their identity / through hairstyles and clothes.

Logos are used on letterheads, packaging and brochures / as well as on the product itself. They may also appear in newspapers or on television / as part of an advertising campaign.

The logos of large international companies / are instantly recognizable throughout the world. Many companies have, over the years, renewed their logos to fit in with contemporary design / and to present more power ful images.

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SECTION A COMPOSITION (35 MIN)

Food can be produced much more cheaply today because of improved fertilizers and better machinery. However, some of the methods used to do this may be dangerous to human health and may have negative effects on local communities. Present your argument to illustrate whether you agree or disagree.

Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:

Dangers of New Farming Technology

You are to write in three parts.

In the first part, state specifically what your idea is.

In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your idea or describe your idea. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion.

Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.

sheep, goats, buffalo, camels, and mares./Cheese is one of the world' s oldest food products--for thousands of years,/people have raised animals for milk, turning their surplus milk into cheese./More than 400 varieties of cheese exist, making it one of the most general foods in the world./ Cheese comes in hundreds of different shapes, sizes, flavors, and is used in as many different ways J Enjoyed with bread, crackers, and fruit, used as an ingredient in cooked foods, or mixed with salads and flour,/cheese is a healthy food all over the world./ Cheese is a concentrated source of almost all the valuable nutrients found in milk, such as protein, vitamins, and minerals,/as well as the less desirable fat and cholesterol, substances that may lead to health problems when consumed in excess./Because of its high protein and calcium content, cheese in moderation is an important component of a balanced diet./

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erent site,/in which athletes from different nations compete against each other in a variety of sports./There are two types of Olympics, the Summer Olympics and the Winter Olympics./Through 1992 they were held in the same year,/but beginning in 1994 they were rescheduled so that they are held in alternate even-numbered years./For example, the Winter Olympics were held in 1994 and the Summer Olympics in 1996./The Winter Olympics were next held in 1998,/and the Summer Olympics will next occur in 2000./The Olympic Games began in Athens, Greece, in 1896./The program for the 1896 Games, comprising only summer events (the Winter Olympics were not established until 1924),/included about 300 athletes from fewer than 15 countries competing in 43 events in nine different sports./In contrast, the program 100 years later for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, /included more than 10,000 athletes from more than 190 countries competing in 271 events in 29 different sports./

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