The basic mason for the existence of multi-national companies is the competitive advantage

就不能生存。我们花很少的钱就能够买到一份日报，或者能够欣赏如此众多的广播节目，完全是由于广告商付了这部分钱。想想看，要是让你付全价，报纸会有多贵!

，具有无限的耐心进行观察和收集数据。但是，并不能把一切科学发现都归因于能力和耐心，科学发现常常与创造性的想像力紧密相关，的确，想像力的飞跃往往是通向发现的第一步。另外，科学家也以其诚实而著称。他们非常重视诚实，主要是因为诚实对他们的事业至关重要。他们提出的每一个理论都要受到进一步的检验。每一个错误或谎言必将被发现，因此，如果发现了与他们的想法相矛盾的证据，科学家不是隐瞒证据，而是修改甚至放弃他们的想法。这样，他们积累了极其大量的知识，这些知识帮助我们更好地了解自己及周围的世界。

须使用它们的人们的需要和能力设计的话，那么这种功能将毫无用处。换言之，必须遵循以人为中心的哲学。这就意味着改变汁算机以适应人们的长处——观察、交流和创新，而不是要人们按计算机所提出的不自然的要求去做，那样只会导致犯错误。

You should spend no more than 20 minutes on this task.

You have bought a Walkman at an airport. On reaching home, you discover a fault with it.

Write a letter to the airport authority explaining the situation, and ask that the problem be put right.

You should write at least 150 words.

You do NOT need to write your own address.

Begin your letter as follows:

Dear sir,

ial issue following the earthquake. (1) In fact, however, trauma is only a small part of a wide array of psychosocial issues that ought to be addressed. For many earthquake survivors, the main issue is not traumatic memories of the earthquake but stresses associated with their current living situation. These stresses include the lack of safety and security, the loss of livelihood, lack of appropriate shelter, changes in family relations, threats of and exposure to gender-based violence, substance abuse, and uncertainties about the future. Because these stresses are holistic, they require comprehensive support that goes beyond trauma counseling. (2) Inherently, the support needed is social rather than psychological and includes such things as normalizing life by reestablishing daily activities such as working for parents and education for children, protection from rape and other forms of gender-based violence, the development of livelihood, and the strengthening of community networks of social support.

However it is not just the kind of support—social or psychological—that makes a difference. Across humanitarian sectors, the way in which relief is provided has a strong impact on psychosocial well-being. A common error is to view earthquake survivors as passive victims who need to be taken care of or healed by outsiders. (3) In the present emergency, the most effective means of providing psychosocial support is through a process of community mobilization and empowerment wherein communities make their own decisions and develop their own systems of protection, care, and support for survivors. When communities make choices about how to move forward, they reestablish a sense of control that is a powerful antidote to feelings of being overwhelmed. (4) As they engage in collective planning and action, they gain a sense of hope for the future and move out of the victim's role they too often are cast into.

(5) Psychosocial support is not mainly something done to or for people by psychologists or psychiatrists but a process of local people activating their own social support for their collective well-being and positive future. Taking heed of this key point, the emphasis in earthquake response should be on social interventions that empower local people. At best, trauma counseling is a very small part of the much wider array of support that will help victims get on with their lives.

(76)

erent world between " I have failed three times "and "lama loser". As long as you do not think negatively of yourself and do not identify yourself with the failure,but always try to learn something from the failure,you will be likely to succeed in the future.

its preference farther and farther, integrating itself more and more completely upon its chosen basis, and discarding those types of behavior. that are uncongenial. (1) Most of those organizations of personality that seem to us most uncontrovertibly abnormal have been used by different civilizations in the very foundations of their institutional life. Conversely the most valued traits of normal individuals have been looked on in differently organized cultures as aberrant. Normality, in short, within a very wide range, is culturally defined. It is primarily a term for the socially elaborated segment of human behavior. in any culture; and abnormality, is a term for the segment that particular civilization does not use. (2) The very eyes with which we see the problem are conditioned by the long traditional habits of our own society.

It is a point that has been made more often in relation to ethics than in relation to psychiatry. We do not any longer make the mistake of deriving the morality of our locality and decade directly from the inevitable constitution of human nature. We do not elevate it to the dignity of a first principle. We recognize that morality differs in every society, and is a convenient term for socially approved habits, Mankind has always preferred to say, "it is morally good," rather than "it is habitual," and the fact of this preference is matter enough for a critical science of ethics. But historically the two phrases are synonymous.

The concept of the normal is properly a variant of the concept of the good. It is that which society has approved. A normal action is one which falls well within the limits of expected behavior. for a particular society. Its variability among different peoples is essentially a function of the variability of the behavior. patterns that different societies have created for themselves, and can never be wholly divorced from a consideration of culturally institutionalized types of behavior. (3) Each culture is a more or less elaborate working out of the potentialities of the segment it has chosen. In so far as a civilization is well integrated and consistent within itself, it will tend to carry farther and farther, according to its nature, its initial impulse toward a particular type of action, and from the point of view of any other culture those elaborations may include more and more extreme and aberrant traits. (4)

Each of these traits, in proportion as it reinforces the chosen behavior. patterns of that culture, is for that culture, normal. Those individuals to whom it is congenial either congenitally, or as the reset of childhood sets, are accorded prestige in that culture, and are not visited with the social contempt or disapproval which their traits would call down upon them in a society that was differently organized. On the other hand, those individuals whose characteristics are not congenial to the selected type of human behavior. in that community are considered the deviants, no matter how valued their personality traits may be in a different civilization. (5)

Titled: The New Revelations of Net Economy

Time limit: 40 minutes

Word limite: above zoo words

Outline:

(1) 网络经济被誉为新经济的代表。

(2) 网络经济与传统经济的区别。

Your essay should be above 200 words.

Remember to write this essay clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.