Human activity could bring about melting of the ______ in this century.

A．The concept of human nature

B．Understanding of relations between human and nature

C．How humans relate to one another

D．Time orientation and activity orientation

Doctor Volkow was astonished because_______ 查看材料

A.her research has shed light on her understanding of cell phone

B.she found that cell phone exposure is harmful to human brain

C.she found that using a cell phone for about 50 minutes could influence or change brain activity

D.human brain is not responsive to electromagnetic radiation

Doctor Volkow was astonished because ______.

A．her research has shed light on her understanding of cell phone

B．she found that cell phone exposure is harmful to human brain

C．she found that using a cell phone for about 50 minutes could influence or change brain activity

D．human brain is not responsive to electromagnetic radiation

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

A study by scientists in Finland has found that mobile phone radiation can cause changes in human cells that might affect the brain, the leader of the research team said.

But Darius Leszczynski, who headed the 2-year study and will present findings next week at a conference in Quebec, said more research was needed to determine the seriousness of the changes and their impact on the brain or the body.

The study at Finland's Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority found that exposure to radiation from mobile phones can cause increased activity in hundreds of proteins in human cells grown in a laboratory, he said.

"We know that there is some biological response. We can detect it, with our very sensitive approaches, but we do not know whether it can have any physiological effects on the human brain or human body", Leszczynski said.

Nonetheless the study, the initial findings of which were published last month in the scientific journal Differentiation, raises new questions about whether mobile phone radiation can weaker/the brain's protective shield against harmful substances.

The study focused on changes in cells that line blood vessels and on whether such changes could weaken the functioning of the blood-brain barrier, which prevents potentially harmful substances from entering the brain from the bloodstream, Leszczynski said.

The study found that a protein called hsp27 linked to the functioning of the bloodbrain barrier showed increased activity due to irradiation and pointed to a possibility that such activity could make the shield more permeable, he said.

"Increased protein activity might cause cells to shrink—not the blood vessels but the cells themselves—and then tiny gaps could appear between those cells through which some molecules could pass", he said.

Leszczynski declined to speculate on what kind of health risks that could pose, but said a French study indicated that headache, fatigue and sleep disorders could result.

"These are not life-threatening problems but can cause a lot of discomfort", he said, adding that a Swedish group had also suggested a possible link with Alzheimer's disease.

"Where the truth is I do not know", he said.

Leszczynski said that he, his wife and children use mobile phones, and he said that he did not think his study suggested any need for new restrictions on mobile phone use.

According to Leszczynski, how does mobile phone affect one's health？

A．Mobile phone radiation can increase protein activities and such activities can make the protective shield more permeable.

B．Mobile phone radiation can shrink the blood vessels and prevent blood from flowing smoothly.

C．Mobile phone radiation will bring stress to people exposed to it.

D．Mobile phone radiation kills blood cells at a rapid speed.

n human cells that might affect the brain, the leader of the research team said.

But Darius Leszczynski, who headed the 2-year study and will present findings next week at a conference in Quebec (魁北克), said more research was needed to determine the seriousness of the changes and their impact on the brain or the body.

The study at Finland's Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority found that exposure to radiation from mobile phones can cause increased activity in hundreds of proteins in human cells grown in a laboratory, he said.

"We know that there is some biological response. We can detect it with our very sensitive approaches, but we do not know whether it can have any physiological effects on the human brain or human body," Leszczynski said.

Nonetheless, the study, the initial findings of which were published last month in the scientific journal Differentiation, raises new questions about whether mobile phone radiation can weaken the brain's protective shield against harmful substances.

The Study focused on changes in cells that line blood vessels and on whether such changes could weaken the functioning of the blood-brain barrier, which prevents potentially harmful substances from entering the brain from the bloodstream, Leszczynski said.

The study found that a protein called hsp27 linked to the functioning of the blood-brain barrier showed increased activity due to irradiation and pointed to a possibility that such activity could make the shield more permeable(能透过的), he said.

"Increased protein activity might cause cells to shrink—not the blood vessels but the cells themselves—and then tiny gaps could appear between those cells through which some molecules could pass," he said.

Leszczynski declined to speculate on what kind of health risks that could pose, but said a French study indicated that headache, fatigue and sleep disorders could result.

"These are not life-threatening problems but can cause a lot of discomfort," he said, adding that a Swedish group had also suggested a possible link with Alzheimer's disease.

"Where the truth is, I do not know," he said.

Leszczynski said that he, his wife and children use mobile phones', and he said that he did not think his study suggested any need for new restrictions on mobile phone use.

According to Leszczynski, how does a mobile phone affect one's health？

A．Mobile phone radiation can increase protein activities and such activities can make the brain's protective shield more permeable.

B．Mobile phone radiation can shrink the blood vessels and prevent blood from flowing smoothly.

C．Mobile phone radiation will bring stress to people exposed to it.

D．Mobile phone radiation kills blood cells.

Mobile Phone and Diseases

A study by scientists in Finland has found that mobile phone radiation can cause changes in human cells that might affect the brain, the leader of the research team said,

But Darius Leszczynski, who headed the 2-year study and will present findings next week at a conference in Quebec(魁北克), said more research was needed to determine the seriousness of the changes and their impact on the brain or the body.

The study at Finland’s Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority found that exposure to radiation from mobile phones can cause increased activity in hundreds of proteins in human cells grown in a laboratory, he said.

“We know that there is some biological response. We can detect it with our very sensitive approaches, but we do not know whether it can have any physiological effects on the human brain or human body,” Leszczynski said.

Nonetheless the study, the initial findings of which were published last month in the scientific journal Differentiation, raises new questions about whether mobile phone radiation can weaken the brain’s protective shield against harmful substances.

The study focused on changes in cells that line blood vessels and on whether such changes could weaken the functioning of the blood-brain barrier, which prevents potentially harmful substances from entering the brain from the bloodstream, Leszczynski said.

The study found that a protein called hsp27 linked to the functioning of the blood-brain barrier showed increased activity due to irradiation and pointed to a possibility that such activity could make the shield more permeable(能透过的), he said.

“Increased protein activity might cause cells to shrink—not the blood vessels but the cells themselves—and then tiny gaps could appear between those cells through which some molecules could pass.” he said.

Leszczynski declined to speculate on what kind of health risks that could pose, but said a French study indicated that headache, fatigue and sleep disorders could result.

“These are not life-threatening problems but can cause a lot of discomfort,” he said, adding that a Swedish group had also suggested a possible link with Alzheimer’s disease.

“Where the truth is do not know,” he said.

Leszczynski said that he, his wife and children use mobile phones, and he said that he did not think his study suggested any need for new restrictions on mobile phone use.

According to Leszczynski, how does mobile phone affect one’s health？ ______

A．Mobile phone radiation can increase protein activities and such activities can make the protective shield more permeable.

B．Mobile phone radiation can shrink the blood vessels and prevent blood from flowing smoothly.

C．Mobile phone radiation will bring stress to people exposed to it.

D．Mobile phone radiation kills blood cells at a rapid speed.

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D . Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

A study by scientists in Finland has found that mobile phone radiation can cause changes in human ceils that might affect the brain, the leader of the research team said.

But Darius Leszczynski, who headed the g-year study and will present findings next week at a conference in Quebec(魁北克), said more research was needed to determine the seriousness of the changes and their impact on the brain or the body.

The study at Finland's Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority found that exposure to radiation from mobile phones can cause increased activity in hundreds of proteins in human cells grown in a laboratory, he said.

"We know that there is some biological response. We can detect it with our very sensitive approaches, but we do not know whether it can have any physiological effects on the human brain or human body," Leszczynski said.

Nonetheless the study, the initial findings of which were published last month in the scientific journal Differentiation, raises new questions about whether mobile phone radiation can weaken the brain's protective shield against harmful substances.

The study focused on changes in cells that line blood vessels and on whether such changes could weaken the functioning of the blood-brain barrier, which prevents potentially harmful substances from entering the brain from the bloodstream, Leszczynski said.

The study found that a protein called hsp27 linked to the functioning of the blood-brain barrier showed increased activity due to irradiation and pointed to a possibility that such activity could make the shield more permeable(能透过的), he said.

"Increased protein activity might cause cells to shrink—not the blood vessels but the cells themselves—and then tiny gaps could appear between those cells through which some molecules could pass." he said.

Leszezynski declined to speculate on what kind of health risks that could pose, but said a French study indicated that headache, fatigue and sleep disorders could result.

"These are not life-threatening problems but can cause a lot of discomfort," he said, adding that a Swedish group had also suggested a possible link with Alzheimer's disease.

"Where the truth is I do not know," he said.

Leszezynski said that he, his wife and children use mobile phones, and he said that he did not think his study suggested any need for new restrictions on mobile phone use.

According to Leszezynski, how does mobile phone affect one's health？

A．Mobile phone radiation can increase protein activities and such activities can make the protective shield more permeable.

B．Mobile phone radiation can shrink the blood vessels and prevent blood from flowing smoothly.

C．Mobile phone radiation will bring stress to people exposed to it.

D．Mobile phone radiation kills blood cells at a rapid speed.

ver the past half century, a trend that threatens international efforts to combat poverty and disease, a U. N. -sponsored study of the Earths health warned on Wednesday. The four-year, $ 24 million Millennium Ecosystem Assessment found humans have caused heavy damage to the worlds farmlands, forests and watercourses. Unless nations adopt more eco-friendly policies, increased human demands for food, clean water and fuels could speed the disappearance of forests, fish and fresh water reserves and lead to more frequent disease outbreaks over the next 50 years, it warned. The study was compiled by 1 360 scientists from 95 nations who pored over 16 000 satellite photos from the U. S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and analyzed statistics and scientific journals. Their findings highlight the planets problems at the end of the 20th century, as the human population reached 6 billion. Conservation groups called on governments, businesses and individuals to heed the studys warnings.

pect in connection with robots and computers: some of the old worries about Al (artificial intelligence) were closely linked to the question of whether' computers could think. The first massive electronic computers, capable of rapid (if often unreliable) computation and little or no creative activity, were soon named "electronic brains". A reaction to this terminology quickly followed. To put them in their place, computers were called "high-speed idiots", an effort to protect human vanity. But not everyone realized the implications of the expression: "high-speed idiot". It has not been pointed out often enough that even the human idiot is one of the most intelligent life forms on the earth. If the early computers were even that intelligent, it was already a remarkable state of affairs.

One consequence from studying the possibility of computer thought was that we were forced to examine with new care the idea of thought in general. It soon became clear that we were not sure what we meant by such terms as thought and thinking. We tend to assume that human beings think, some more than others, though we often call people thoughtless or unthinking. Dreams cause a problem, partly because they usually happen outside our control. They are obviously some types of mental experience, but are they a type of thinking？ And the question of nonhuman life forms adds further problems. Many of us would maintain that some of the higher animals—dogs, cats, apes, and so on—are capable of at least basic thought, but what about fish and insects？ It is certainly true that the higher mammals show complex brain activity when tested with the appropriate equipment. If thinking is demonstrated by evident electrical activity in the brain, then many animal species are capable of thought. Once we have formulated clear ideas on what thought is in biological creatures, it will be easier to discuss the question of thought in artificial machines. One of the great benefits of AI research is that we are being forced to examine more closely the working of the human mind.

It is already clear that machines have superior mental abilities to many life forms. No tree can play chess as well as even the simplest computer; nor can frogs repair car bodies as well as robots. It seems that, viewed in terms of intellect, the computer should be set well above plants and most animals. Only the higher' animals can compete with computers with regard to intellect.

The first massive electronic computers were______

A．slow and reliable

B．creative and accurate

C．large and fast

D．only capable of additions