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tlook and the future of many countries in Europe. That document was the Treaty of Rome, and this year, on March 25, 1997, the European Union celebrated the 40th anniversary of its signing. A revised draft treaty on European Union (The Maastricht Treaty) was presented in Rome on that date. (1) The revised Treaty is a continuation of the process towards integration of the countries of Europe that began in 195'7.

(2) The Treaty of Rome was a historic milestone on the road to European integration, but the foundations had been laid almost ten years earlier. In the aftermath of world War Ⅱ on May 9, 1950, Robert Schuman, Foreign Minister of France, proposed the pooling of coal and steel production as part of a Franco-German union.

Six founding countries signed the Treaty of Paris in 1951 to form. the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). A single market in coal and steel was to be set up among signatory countries. (3) Within a few months, all customs and discriminatory practices were swept away. For the coal and steel industries at least, frontiers ceased to exist. The Schuman Plan, as it was known, was the first step towards a united Europe. The signatory countries—Italy, France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands—formed the building blocks of what know today as the European Union.

Six years later European leaders such as Konrad Adenauer, Paul-Henry Spaak and Jean Monnet thought it time to apply the same approach to the entire economies of the six members of the ECSC. (4) The Treaty of Rome established the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957 and, in effect, marked the ‘relaunching of Europe’ after the devastating of World War II.

The EEC's immediate objectives were the establishment of a customs union to promote the four freedoms envisaged by the Treaty of Rome: the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital between the Member States. The Treaty also provided for a number of common policies in areas such as agriculture, external trade, transport and competition. (5) Its aim was to construct a common space in which national and common policies united to ensure stronger economic growth than was possible through the achievements of Member States acting individually.

A further advance took place in 196'7, when the executives of the three communities were merged to form. the European Community. The European Community was to be served by four main institutions—the European Commission, the Council of Ministers, the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice.

better than ever. The trend is steadily upwards. Sponsorship overall now takes up perhaps $50 million, or three times as much as it did five years ago. Most of that may go on sport—but the spending on arts has risen the fastest of all and may now be worth $4 million a year.

The extra help is easy to explain. Banks, insurance companies, the oil industry and tobacco firms provide three quarters of funds going into arts sponsorship. All four groups tend to be unpopular—which makes them all the keener to display their social concern and so build up some good will.

ty, although most of us can recognize genius when we see it or hear it. (1)By contrast intelligence is possibly easier to quantify and like genius is a polygenic character that can be moulded by the environment. Intelligence is a qualitative trait, which does have a genetic component, but we should not assume that it has a single dimension of expression. (2)There are several limitations in measuring intelligence by a linear scale ranging from dull to bright, since individuals differ greatly in their genotypes. Any number of gene combination may predispose an individual to musical genius, or to painting, or to designing computer programs, etc. The possession of any one of these abilities may or may not be associated with another. Moreover, the same genotype may be expressed in markedly different ways in markedly different environments. (3)For example, intelligence quotient test scores vary considerably with illness and disease, educational, social and economic levels—even the skin color of the examiner conducting the IQ test may have a significant effect! There is also difficulty in deciding what intelligence should be applied to. Is it the ability to learn? Is it related to the enquiring mind or to motivation? Consequently comparisons between an IQ test given to a University .student and to an Aborigine in Australia will give meaningless results, since the test is most unlikely to measure the same behavior. (4)Not only are the genotypes and the environments of these two individuals totally different, but their motivations for achievement in particular activities will be different.

Indeed, as some articles which deal with the problems mentioned above show, people who believe they can estimate genetic and environmental contributions to differences in intelligence between races are statistically naive. (5)If some races or social groups in the human population can be shown to be inferior in intelligence, it opens up the possibility that some segregationists or politicians could bring in legislation or policies to suppress or even eliminate such races or groups in the population. History certainly shows that this suggestion is quite likely when ruthless individuals are in positions of power. Can you see why the false scientific conclusions could become dangerous socially and politically?

Notes:

polymeric: having many genes

mould: to shape or form.

linear: of lines

genotypes: types of gene

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