Questions 19-25 （14 marks)Read the following article from a magazine and answer questions

题目描述

Questions 9-16 (16 marks)

For questions 9-16, choose the best title for each paragraph from the box below.

For each numbered paragraph (1-8), mark one letter (A-I) on your Answer Sheet.

Do not mark any letter twice.

1.The United States may have a better economy, better universities, a more potent popular culture and an incomparably mightier military, but Europeans are quietly confident that they have the edge in one crucial respect. They enjoy longer holidays. The figures are striking. The Los Angeles Times recently reported that Americans have an average holiday entitlement of 16 days a year—but most only take 14. In Europe, by contrast, at least a month of paid vacation is viewed as an inalienable right. The Italians get 42 days of holiday a year; the French 37; the Germans 35. Even the British, infected by the Anglo-Saxon (read American) business culture, get an average of 28 days off a year.

2. In August, the height of the holiday season, much of Europe simply closes down. The Italians, who are presiding over the European Union for the last six months of this year, produced a packed schedule of meetings. But August is one big blank space. There is simply no point in trying to get anyone to do any work. Taking a long summer holiday is so crucial to European self-esteem that a survey published this week in Message, an Italian newspaper, found that although 19% of Italians will not be going away on holiday this year, more than a third of the stay-at-homes intended to pretend that they were going away. Considerable numbers were prepared to buy tanning machines and to take the pets to the neighbours to keep up appearances.

3. One man&39;s leisure, however, is another man&39;s living. Tourism and travel are, by some measures, the world&39;s largest industry—and Europe boasts of being the world&39;s most popular destination. Figures from the World Tourism Organization suggest that most international tourists travel to or within Europe. Europe is said to have a 58% share of the world tourism market. Of the top eight destinations, five are in Europe; France tops the list, followed by Spain, the United States and Italy. These figures, however, may mislead. Some 80% of holiday-makers within the European Union are from other parts of the EU. France&39;s top place owes much to the country&39;s inherent attractions but also quite a lot to its geographical position. Every Dutch or Belgian caravan thundering through France towards the beaches of Spain adds to the figure of foreign visitors to France.

4. Still, there is no doubting the economic weight of tourism in Europe. Indeed, any sign that the flow of tourists is slowing is greeted with neurotic headlines. Liberation, a left-wing French newspaper, recently devoted its first three pages to a long lament about the decline in the number of American tourists visiting France. (Now why could that be?) The Italian tourist industry had a collective panic attack after their tourism minister insulted Germans, who make up a quarter of all Europe&39;s tourists, calling them “stereotyped, hypernationalistic blonds”. The minister in question was swiftly forced to resign.

5. Yet while Europe cannot live without tourists, it sometimes finds it hard to live with them. The city authorities in Venice are so fed up with some visitors&39; behaviour that they have just announced a list of ten offences for which they will impose on-the-spot fines. They include walking around bare-chested and bathing in fountains, even in the current heat. Spaniards and Greeks find the hordes of riotous, boozy young Britons that descend on them each summer a mixed blessing. Greeks were outraged earlier this summer when five guides from Club 18-30, a British company specialising in sun, sea and sex holidays for the young, were videoed having oral sex on a beach in broad daylight.

6. Such excesses of mass tourism will certainly do nothing to puncture Europe&39;s love affair with the long holiday. Those unfortunate souls charged with managing the European economy are having to factor holidays into their thinking. On a recent visit to the headquarters of the European Central Bank, our correspondent bumped into Otmar Issing, its chief economist. He remarked that the article he had most enjoyed in recent editions of The Economist was an account of a study by Robert Gordon, an American economist, suggesting that a large part of the wealth gap per head between Europeans and Americans could be put down to Europeans&39; preference for taking longer holidays. You can see why Mr Issing might find the thought comforting. Maybe the relative under-performance of the European economy is simply a matter of consumer choice? The figures certainly show that when they are actually at their desks (or lathes) the Germans, French and Dutch (though not the British) are more productive than Americans.

7. But not everyone is as sanguine about this state of affairs. Hopeful talk by some European politicians of building up the European Union as a new superpower is likely to prove vain so long as the EU&39;s economic growth lags so markedly behind that of the United States—not to mention China&39;s. Ulrich Schreider of Deutsche Bank&39;s research department says he recently asked a Chinese intern of her impressions of Germany after a few months working in the country. “Germans are lazy,” was the reply. In a slightly more roundabout way, Wolfgang Clement, Germany&39;s labour minister, has been trying to make a similar point. He recently caused a stir by arguing that Germans ought to work more and take less holiday.

8. Some of his countrymen may even be taking these strictures to heart. Germans traditionally take more foreign holidays per head than all other Europeans. But this year, German travel agents say that bookings are substantially down. Some attribute this to a new mood of economic insecurity. Perhaps there is a self-correcting mechanism in Europeans&39; taste for leisure over work. If taken too far, might the economy slow down so much that people no longer feel secure or rich enough to take the usual five weeks off? Something to ponder on the beach.

A.Vital importance.

B. Two sides of a coin.

C. The pride of Europeans for their longer holidays.

D. An invisible device that works.

E. A broad survey.

F. Having a long holiday as a pride in oneself.

G. Profitable tourism.

H. The blame ascribed to tourism.

I. The opposite view point.

Paragraph 1 ______

Paragraph 2 ______

Paragraph 4 ______

Paragraph 8 ______

Questions 17-18 (4 marks) Using the information in the text, complete each sentence17-18, with a word or phrase from the list below. For each sentence, mark one letter on your answer sheet. Do not mark any letter twice. What Otmar Issing likes on the Economist is a _____of Robert Gordon's study.

Paragraph 3 ______

Paragraph 6 ______

Paragraph 5 ______

Paragraph 7 ______

August is the _____ of the holiday season in Europe.A.computation

B.peak

C.description

D.paper

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

ight." In the ads, a housewife was shown primping for a night on the town, sashaying around the bedroom and flipping her hair from one side to the other as she puts on her earrings. __example__I never had an Aviance night. I don&39;t, as a general rule, sashay. __1__ My longing tends to coalesce and rise to the surface, like chicken fat, every February. It&39;s not that my husband and I don&39;t go out. Every Valentine&39;s Day, Ed will dutifully reserve a table at a romantic restaurant. I look forward to it until about five o&39;clock on the actual date. Somehow the mood never seems to fit. __2__ Suddenly I don&39;t feel like going to an unfamiliar, overpriced restaurant. __3__ But this is Valentine&39;s Day, and we must persevere__.4__"The living room" is not an acceptable answer to "Where did Ed take you for Valentine&39;s?" This year is no different. Poor Ed. He&39;s trying very hard__5__He cocks his head to one side, as if seeing me anew, in the fresh dawn of reawakened love. "Are you wearing an odor?" Ed is romantic, but not in the traditional manner. __6__Ed brought them in and set them down on the floor near the door, at the farthest point from the bedspread and other combustibles, completely out of our view. "They still provide some nice ambient illumination," he said. It was like getting into bed with Norm Abram. __7__I didn&39;t know such a thing existed. Another time he tried to surprise me with a romantic bubble bath, not realizing that sometime during the day, something had gone wrong with the hot water heater, and the bath water was stone cold. __8__

A、I put on perfume and wait for the unseen chorus to kick in, but hear instead the dulcet tones of my sweatpants calling out to me.

B、As she douses herself with Aviance perfume, an unseen chorus conjectures excitedly that "she&39;s gonna have an Aviance night!"

C、I want to go somewhere comfortable and known, a place where the wine doesn&39;t cost more than my shoes and the waiter won&39;t look down upon me for making "daikon" rhyme with "bacon."

D、For tomorrow, the Aviance Day after, friends and co-workers will grill us as to the activities of the night before.

E、No doubt we&39;d forgotten to send flowers on Plumbers and Steamfitters Day and the Local 486 had sabotaged our tank.

F、But I cannot completely silence that part of me that longs, every now and again, to be heading off confidently and aromatically into a night of candlelit romance.

G、I once suggested that we bring the dining room candles into the bedroom.

H、I once asked him to pick up some massage oil, and he came home with an unscented variety.

I、As we dress to leave, he takes my hands in his and leans in close.

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请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Part B (10 points)

[A] The petitioners argue that repealing the tax will cost the Treasury billions of dollars in lost revenues and will result in either increased taxes in the long run or cuts to Medicare, Social Security, environmental protection and other government programs. Repealing the levy "would enrich the heirs of America's millionaires and billionaires, while hurting families who struggle to make ends meet," the petition says.

[B] About 120 wealthy Americans had signed or supported a petition to oppose phasing out the tax. President Bush has included the repeal of the tax in his $1.6 trillion tax-cut proposal. Normally when "dozens" of Americans join in a political cause, it is not particularly noteworthy, but in this case the dozens include: George Soros, a billionaire financier; Warren Buffett, an investor listed as America's fourth-richest person; the philanthropist David Rockefeller Jr. ; and William Gates Sr. , a Seattle lawyer and father of America's richest man, Microsoft Corp. Chairman Bill Gates.

[C] Buffett and company cite these factors in their petition calling for opposition to the estate-tax repeal. They also discuss something that's equally emotional and far more complex: the principle of meritocracy. The idea that everyone in America has an equal chance, that our fates are not determined by accidents of birth, is one of our core values. And nowhere is this principle more revered than in the technology economy; entrepreneurship is almost by definition an expression of meritocracy.

[D] Buffett told the Times that repealing the estate tax would be a "terrible mistake" and the equivalent of "choosing the 2020 Olympic team by picking the eldest sons of the gold medal winners in the 2000 Olympics. "

[E] An old brokerage commercial says: "He made his money the old-fashioned way: He earned it." There was a perfect parody of the ad in which the line read: "He made his money the old-fashioned way: He inherited it. " In 20 or 50 or 100 years, which of these lines will be right? Buffett and Soros and friends, to their credit, want to help make the first one real. Let's hope this is only one step in that process.

[F] It was refreshing to see Buffett and George Soros and a number of other extremely wealthy luminaries stand up in opposition to President Bush's proposed repeal of the estate tax. While the policy has some emotional attractions—it would protect the inheritors of some small businesses from having to sell the companies to pay taxes, and it is true that most people have been taxed on their savings once already—in practice the tax repeal would mainly be a windfall for a very small number of very, very rich people.

[G] President will make his case for his $1.6 trillion tax cut plan, delivering a speech at a community center in St. Louis. The proposal would slash federal tax rates across all levels of income, eliminate the so-called marriage penalty and phase out estate taxes. Democrats complain that the plan—which would cut the top rate from 39 to 33 percent—would disproportionately benefit the wealthy and unnecessarily squander expected budget surpluses. Some of the richest Americans are urging Congress not to repeal the estate tax, The New York Times reported on Wednesday. (Feb. 14)

Order:

(41)

Part B (10 points)

You are going to read a text about The Big Melt, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list for each numbered subheading. There is one extra example which you do not need to use.

Say goodbye to the world's tropical glaciers and ice caps. Many will vanish within 20 years. When Lonnie Thompson visited Peru's Quelccaya ice cap in 1977, he couldn't help noticing a school-bus-size boulder that was upended by ice pushing against it. Thompson returned to the same spot last year, and the boulder was still there, but it was lying on its side. The ice that once supported the massive rock had retreated far into the distance, leaving behind a giant lake as it melted away.

Foe Thompson, a geologist with Ohio State University's Byrd Polar Research Center, the rolled-back rock was an obvious sign of climate change in the Andes Mountains. "Observing that over 25 years personally really brings it home", he says. "You don't have to be a believer in global warming to see what's happening."

(41) Thawed ice caps in the tropics.

Quelccaya is the largest ice cap in the tropics, but it isn't the only one that is melting, according to decades of research by Thompson's team. No tropical glaciers are currently known to be advancing, and Thompson predicts that many mountaintops will be completely melted within the next 20 years.

(42) Situation in areas other than the tropics.

The phenomenon isn't confined to the tropics. Glaciers in Europe, Russia, new Zealand, the United States, and elsewhere are also melting.

(43) The worsening effects of global warming.

For many scientists, the widespread melt-down is a clear sign that humans are affecting glottal climate, primarily by raising the levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

(44) Receding ice caps.

That's not to say that glaciers, currently found on every continent except Australia, haven't melted in the past as a result of natural variability. These rivers of ice exist in a delicate balance between inputs (accumulating snow and ice) and outputs (melting and "calving" of large chunks of ice). Over time, the balance can tilt in either direction, causing glaciers to advance or retreat. What's different now is the speed at which the scales have tipped. "We've been surprised at how rapid the rate of retreat has been", says Thompson. His team began mapping one of the main glaciers flowing out of the Quelccaya ice cap in 1978, using satellite images and ground surveys.

(45) Thinning ice cores.

And it's not just the margin of the ice cap that is melting. At Quelccaya and Mount Kilimanjaro, the researchers have found that the ice fields are thinning as well. Besides mapping ice caps and glaciers, Thompson and his colleagues have taken core samples from Quelccaya since 1976, when the ice at the drilling location was 154 meters thick.

Thompson and his colleagues have also drilled ice cores from other locations in South America, Africa, and China. Trapped within each of these cores is a climate record spanning more than 8,000 years. It shows that the past 50 years are the warmest in history.

The 4-inch-thick ice cores are now stored in freezers at Ohio State. On the future, says Thompson, that may be the only place to see what's left of the glaciers of Africa and Peru.

A. The latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, prepared by hundreds of scientists and approved by government delegates from more than 100 nations, states: "There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities". The report, released in January, says that the planet's average surface temperature increased by about 0.6℃ during the 20th

Part B (10 points)

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about the relationship between women and business. Choose the most suit able heading from the list for each numbered paragraph. The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.

Every year, Fortune magazine celebrates women in the top echelons of corporate America by publishing a list Of the 50 Most Powerful Women in Business. Their titles are impressive—CEO, chairman, president—and photos portray them as polished and confident. What an inspiration they could be to the young women following them.

(41) But what if those young women don't aspire to a comer office? A week after the Fortune list appeared on newsstands, a major national study of teenagers revealed a surprising finding-while 97 percent of girls polled expect to work to support themselves or their families, only 9 percent want careers in business. Among boys, the figure is 15 percent. "Girls of this generation are quite ambitious, which is exciting," says Fiona Wilson, a professor at Simmons College School of Management and an author of the study, which polled more than 3,000 girls and 1,200 boys in middle school and high school. She finds it encouraging that half the girls prefer professions such as doctors, lawyers, and architects. "We're not going back to the stereotype of their mothers-generation, where women were thinking about being nurses and teachers."

(42) But why do girls shy away from business? The number of women applying to business schools has dropped off. By contrast, women make up half the students in medical and law schools.

(43) Unlike boys in the study, who say they want to earn a lot of money, girls place great importance on helping others and improving society. But they don't see connections between those goals and business, which they equate with finance and numbers. And they're less confident than boys about their business related skills. Teen girls also place a high value on having enough time to spend with family and friends.

(44) In describing business, Professor Wilson says, "they used many images involving stress-images about dads having to make conference calls on vacation, and moms always being tired when they got home, or complaining about their bad bosses."

(45) As it happens, mothers are the primary source of career advice for daughters. But parents goals are often less well defined for girls than for boys. "Mothers express their hope and aspiration for daughters in terms of wanting them to be happy and have a lot of options, but they don't translate that directly into business opportunities," says Connie Duckworth, head of The Committee of 200, a national women's business leadership group that commissioned the study.

Wilson Calls the lack of women at the top "alarming", adding that the study doesn't offer a lot of hope that future generations will swell the ranks of women in leadership positions.

A. Titles of the echelon

B. Images used in describing business

C. Women student in schools

D. Mothers play an important role

E. Why women are not willing to choose business carrier

F. A surprising poll

Part B (10 points)

You are going to read a text about basic element in both speaking and writing, followed by a list of examples and explanations. Choose the best example or explanation from the list for each numbered subheading. There is one extra example which you do not need to use.

There are many differences between communicating in written and spoken words—one to one or one to many. Because speaking is face to face and personal, it is much more direct than writing.. Hand and body gestures, facial expressions, and vocal variety help greatly to support face-to-face communication. It is also reinforced by instant feedback from listeners in the form. of smiles, frowns, applause, catcalls, clenched fists, and so on. An alert speaker who is sensitive to feedback can "shift gears" and adapt to changing circumstances.

(41) The differences between talking and writing

Writing, however, depends solely on words and punctuation to deliver the message. There are no gestures and no voice, and if there is any feedback, it takes time to reach the writer.

(42) Why long sentences can be used in writing?

Effective talking is aimed at people's minds and hearts through their ears, and ears prefer short, direct, conversational sentences.

There are three standards that apply equally to talking and writing—clarity, accuracy, and appropriateness.

(43) Clarity.

If the audience doesn't understand the message instantly, then the speaker has, to some extent, failed. Thus, every possible measure must be taken to ensure that all your words and thoughts are perfectly clear to the audience.

(44) Accuracy.

As a conscientious speaker, you must see to it that your information is as current and as accurate as research can make it.

(45) Appropriateness.

In addition to being precise, your language should also be suitable to the subject, audience, and occasion.

A. For instance, a speaker can vary his/her pitch or tone to change the meaning expressed. A writer, on the other hand, has to rely solely on the words and context or even explanations in braces to achieve that.

B. Good talking is wordy, repetitive, and far less structured than efficient writing. A good speech, reproduced word for word on paper, usually does not read well because it rambles and repeats words and thoughts. It is not nearly as disciplined and organized as good writing.

C. Throughout your talk, words are your prime means for helping your audience understand your message. And to harness the profound power of words, you should develop a lifelong habit of using a dictionary and a thesaurus. If you do not exploit these resources, you will fail to achieve your full potential as a speaker and conversationalist. Another device that will help you achieve clarity in your talk is a summary. If your talk consists of three will researched major points, lit those points in your introduction so your audience will know at once what ground you will cover. Discuss them in depth, summarize them at the end of your talk, and emphasize any conclusions hat they lead to.

D. For example, a speaker who's addressing a Parent-Teacher Association should avoid the statistical and psychological jargon of advanced educational researchers. By the same token, she should not indulge in teenage slang. Any speaker worth her salt will analyze her audience first and adapt her language accordingly.

E. The surest way for you to damage your credibility is to spew forth misinformation or outdated information. How many times have you seen a story, a name, an important fact, or a charge against someone retracted in newspapers? Unfortunately, the damage was done when the misinformation first appeared in print. Such unwarranted embarrassment and mental anguish could have been avoided ff someone had taken the t

Part B (10 points)

You are going to read a text about an old wedding tradition, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list for each numbered subheading. There is one extra example which you do not need to use.

The wedding tradition of "something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue" has been around for hundreds of years. Many brides have been asked on their respective wedding days if they have gathered something old, new, borrowed and blue to carry with them as they walk down the aisle. The tradition of carrying or wearing one of each item is said to bring luck and fortune to the newly married couple. Have you ever stopped to think what the saying really means? What is its origin and what does each item represent?

The original saying dates back to the Victoria times and states, "Something old something new, something borrowed, something blue and a silver sixpence in your shoe."

(41) Something old

A bride may wear or carry something old to represent her continued ties to her family and her old life.

(42) Something new

Something "new" is usually the easiest category to fill.

(43) Something borrowed

The borrowed item should be something borrowed from a friend that is happily married.

(44) Something blue

Wearing something blue dates back to biblical times.

(45) Silver sixpence

Placing a silver sixpence in the bride's left shoe is said to be a symbol of wealth. This not only refers to financial wealth, but also a wealth of happiness and joy throughout her married life.

Some brides aren't hound by tradition but still may choose to carry out the custom at someone else's request. If they don't want to carry numerous items, they may simply carry two handkerchiefs in a small beaded bag. They may choose to buy a new, white handkerchief and borrow a blue one from a family member. That would provide them with something new the white handkerchief, as well as something that is old, borrowed and blue. The handkerchief just may come in handy during the wedding for drying their joyful tears.

A. Wearing something new is supposed to represent success and hope in the bride's new life and in her marriage. If the bride purchased her wedding dress new, it may represent her new item, but any item that is new may be used.

B. At that time, a blue wedding dress was worn to represent purity, fidelity and love. Over time this has changed from wearing a blue dress to wearing just a blue band around the bottom of the bride's wedding dress to modern times where it is commonplace for the bride to wear a blue garter.

C. Many brides wear a piece of family jewelry as their old item. Some brides wear the wedding dress worn by their mother or grandmother. In many cases, something old may also be something borrowed.

D. Some brides are more traditional than other and may take a great deal of care in selecting one item for each category. It may be traditional for the women in their families to wear the same piece of jewelry.

E. It is suggested that their happiness will rub off on you and bring lasting happiness to your marriage. Some brides borrow an item of clothing, a piece of jewelry, a handkerchief or perhaps a beaded purse.

F. Since most brides probably don't even know what a sixpence is, this part of the tradition is not used very often in modern times. However, if a bride would like to include it in her wedding, she can purchase a silver sixpence from many companies that sell bridal supplies such as garters and invitations.

Part B (10 points)

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about human daily cycle of activity. Choose the most suitable heading from the list for each numbered paragraph. The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.

(41) We all know that normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours' sleep alternating with some 16-17 hours' wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.

Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this normality can be modified.

(42) The question is no more an academic one. The case, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machine. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week, a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he was to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working or sleeping efficiently.

(43) One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift, a month, or even three months. Recent research, however, has shown that people on such systems will get back into their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the weekend and that this is quite enough to harm any adaptation to night work built up during the week.

(44) The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a gang of permanent night workers whose adaptation to night work may persist through all weekends and holidays. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night shift workers was carried out by Brown in 1967. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep, digestive disorder and domestic disruption among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these symptoms among those on permanent night work.

(45) This latter system then appears to be the best long term policy, but, for the time being, something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly, to the changes of routine.

A. Normality is difficult to be modified especially in industry

B. The only real solution

C. The normal human daily cycle

D. Weekends add the difficulty to adaptation to sleep and wakefulness

E. The present work to be done

F. To work on weekends can help the adaptation

Part B (10 points)

Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. (41) ______

American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan helped found modern anthropology—the scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefs—thus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. (42) ______

In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. (43) ______

Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. (44) ______

Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. (45) ______

Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.

A. Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.

B. In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.

C. He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies,

D. They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.

E. Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.

F. Supporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.

G. For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.

Part B (10 points)

For years pediatricians didn’t worry much about treating hypertension in their patients. After all, kids grow so fast, it’s hard keeping up with their shoes size, let alone their blood pressure. Sure, hypertension in adults places them at greater risk of heart attack and stroke. But nobody likes the idea of starting youngsters on blood-pressure medicine they could wind up taking the rest of their lives. Who knows what previously unheard-of side effects could crop up after five or six decades of daily use?

The rationale has been: kids grow out of so many things; maybe they’ll grow out of this too.

41．Now, though, comes word that high blood pressure can be destructive even in childhood.

42．Who is most at risk?

Boys are more than girls, especially boys who are overweight. Their heart works so hard to force blood through extra layers of fat that its walls grow denser. Then, after decades of straining, it grows too big to pump blood very well.

43．How can you tell if yours are like the 670,000 American children ages 10 to 18 with high blood pressure?

It’s not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child’s arm in a cuff at the free monitoring station in your local grocery. You should have a test done by a doctor, who will consult special tables that indicate the normal range of blood pressure for a particular child’s age, height and sex.

44．About half the cases of hypertension stem directly from kids being overweight.

45．How can you do?

You can keep your children from joining their ranks by clearing the junk food from your pantry and hooking you kids — the earlier the better — on healthy, attractive snakes like fruits (try freezing some grapes/or carrot sticks with salsa. ) Not only will they lower your children’s blood pressure: These foods will also boost their immune system and unclog their plumbing.

[A] And the problem is likely to grow. Over the past 30 years the proportion of children in the U. S. who are overweight has doubled, from 5% to 11% or 4.7 million kids.

[B] According to a recent report in the journal Circulation, 19 of 30 children with high blood pressure developed a dangerous thickening of the heart muscle that, in adults at least, has been linked to heart failure. “No one knows if this pattern holds true for younger patients as well, ” says Dr. Stephen Daniels, a pediatric cardiologist who led the study at Children’s Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. “But it’s worrisome. ”

[C] Feed your children nutritious foods three times a day to keep his immune system healthy. Make sure the meals include all the food groups to ensure they are getting plenty of vitamins.

[D] Fortunately the abnormal thickening can be spotted by ultrasound. And in most case, getting that blood pressure under control — through weight loss and exercise or, as a last resort, drug treatment — allows the overworked muscle to shrink to normal size.

[E] If the doctor finds an abnormal result he will repeat the test over a period of months to make sure the reading isn’t a fake. He’ll also check, whether other conditions, like kidney disease, could be the source of the trouble, because hypertension is hard to be detected. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute recommends annual blood-pressure checks for every child over age 3.

[F] High blood pressure isn’t just an issue for adults; keeping kids blood pressure levels in a healthy range is also important. In a new study reported in Hypertension, researchers found that increased exercise duration among kids leads to lower blood pressure levels, however the same cannot be said for increased intensity.

[G] Meanwhile, make sure your kids spend more time on the playground than with their PlayStation. Even if they don’t shed a pou