绝大多数人是不会把“欺骗”一词和科学联系在一起的。如今科学受到如此尊重，原因之一在于科学家的形

light, soaps up a washcloth, and begins cleaning her friend's face. Is Anie an extremely devoted companion? Yes! Allie is a capuchin monkey who helps her disabled friend perform. everyday tasks.

Monkeys like Allie are just one of many kinds of animals that help improve--or even save--human lives. But not all animals are suited to do every job. Certain animals are "hired" for specific jobs based on their traits, or characteristics. By using different methods of conditioning (training animals to act in a particular way in response to a stimulus, or signal), humans can teach animals toper form. extraordinary tasks.

Throughout history, humans have relied on animals' traits to get certain jobs done. For example, compared with humans, dogs are "far superior at tracking down odors", says Marian Bailey, an animal behaviorist at Henderson State University in Arkansas. That's because dogs have million of olfactory receptors, or smell nerves, in their noses.

For that reason, hunters used dogs to track down prey even in ancient Egypt. Today, dogs my be employed to sniff out illegal substances in school lockers or earthquake victims buried beneath the rabble of the collapsed building or highway.

Primates may not be good sinffers, but they can certainly lend a helping hand--or two. Monkeys are perfect helpmates for quadriplegics, people paralyzed from the neck down who are unable to use their own hands (and legs). Like humans, explains Bailey monkeys have opposable thumbs--thumbs that face the hand's other fingers--so monkeys can pick up objects. Capuchins learn to open doors, clean up spills, and unscrew bottle tops. They can even get a sandwich out of the refrigerator and load your favorite tape into the VCR.

And speaking of VCRs, animals are even helping scientists make a videotape. Jennifer Hurley, an animal researcher at the Long Marine Lab in Santa Cruz, California, is training two sea lions to carry video cameras on their backs to record the natural behavior. of whales.

So how do you get an animal employee to do its job? The answer, career-training. Trainers teach the animals to obey their instructions through a process called conditioning.

Most trainers condition animals by using positive reinforcement, rewarding an animal for doing something correctly, says animal behaviorist Bailey. For example, trainers teach their dogs how to sniff out drugs by hiding a towel with the smell of drags. "Dogs love to retrieve objects so the towel becomes a reward", says Morris Berkowitz, who heads up a canine drug-sniffing program in New York.

After repeating this game of hide-and-seek many times, the dog begins to "associate the odor with a reward", says Berkowitz. When he gives the command, or stimulus, the dog seeks cot drags (it's like learning to study hard for a tests in order to get a good grade as a reward.)

At "Helping Hands--Monkey Helpers for the Disabled", capuchin monkeys are trained twice before being teamed with a disabled human. First, monkeys are placed with a foster family to become socialized to people. For five years, families help the monkeys adapt to a human environment, so the monkeys will trust and enjoy being around people.

Taking the monkeys in when they're four to six weeks old is important, says Bailey. "That's when monkeys normally become socialized to other monkeys," she says.

Second, trainers at Helping Hands train the monkeys to perform. specific tasks to assist a particular person. For example, a monkey may be trained to scratch an itch, or slip a floppy disc into a computer dive. Trainers reward the monkeys by using positive reinforcement, such as food, drinks.

Allie is a capuchin【16】who helps her disabled friend perform. everyday tasks. Allie is a(n)【17】of ma

City in no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outline:

1．这个城市现在存在的主要问题。

2．假如我是市长的话，如何解决这些问题。

3．问题解决后的城市前景。

仅是世界上最重要的人物，而且在他眼里，他是唯一活在世界上的人。他认为自己是世界上最伟大戏剧家之一、最伟大的思想家之一、最伟大的作曲家之一。听听他的谈话，仿佛他就是莎士比亚、贝多芬、柏拉图，集三人于一身。想要听到他的高论十分容易，他是世上最能使人精疲力竭的健谈者之一。同他度过一个夜晚，就是听他一个人滔滔不绝地讲一个晚上。有时，他才华横溢；有时，他又令人极其厌烦。但无论是妙趣横生还是枯燥无味，他的谈话只有一个主题：他自己，他的所思所为。

2．他狂妄地认为自己总是正确的。任何人在最无足轻重的问题上露出丝毫的异议，都会激起他的谴责。他可能会一连好几个小时滔滔不绝，千方百计地证明自己如何如何正确。有了这种使人耗尽心力的雄辩本事，听者最后都被他弄得头昏脑胀，耳朵发聋，为了图个清净，只好同意他的说法。

originally used by people who wanted to sound particularly well-educated. It was the desire to be scholarly that brought【53】a wave of Latin terms which appeared in the 16th century【54】the Humanist movement brought new impetus to learning throughout Europe.【55】such as, e. g. (from the Latin meaning a voluntary example); PS (meaning" added after the latter has been written" ); a.m. and【56】( meaning "before noon" and" after noon" ) came into the language at this time. Nowadays they are【57】common that most people don't even know【58】the letters actually stand for and there's certainly nothing learned about using them today !

In addition to the words brought to English【59】foreigners, there are plenty of words which the British have collected from the countries they have settled in all【60】the world. There are even a few Chinese words, which I’m sure a Chinese speaker would recognize from the way we pronounce them:" typhoon" is a great wind; "to kow-tow" is to bow down low; a "sampan" is a small wooden boat. Over 5,000 of the words in common use in English today are words of foreign【61】. Some of them are clearly recognizable【62】foreign like "au pair" or "rendezvous";【63】now look so English that only a language historian knows【64】they came from.

So English is in a state of permanent development. Both in Britain and abroad it is gaining【65】words and expressions, and dropping and changing old【66】. Words changes their meaning, and they go in and out of fashion【67】hairstyles. Nobody knows all the four million words that are said to exist; a well-educated person probably【68】under 20,000. So don't be surprised if you never encounter some of the expressions that still appear in school textbook; and next time you hear somebody using a strange word you haven't heard【69】, you can comfort yourself that there may well be a native speaker somewhere who doesn't know it【70】.

(51)

e- sources of nature to the uses of humankind. Engineering has been defined as the creative application of "scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination." The term engineering is sometimes more loosely defined, especially in Great Britain, as the manufacture or assembly of engines, ma- chine tools, and machine parts.

Associated with engineering is a great body of special knowledge; preparation for professional practice involves extensive training in the application of that knowledge. The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to do. The scientist adds to the store of verified, systematized knowledge of the physical world; the engineer brings this knowledge to bear on practical problems. Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and systems analysis.

谢。我还要特别感谢我的152名研究生，他们来自南京大学各个学科。15年来，我是在他们慷慨给予的赞扬和热情中成长起来的，他们是我青春人生的导师。因为他们，我一直是充满着激情走进了每一间课堂。这本书献给与我相遇的每一位研究生，为了我和他们青春的纪念!

他们自己那个时代的、最优秀且很有才智的人通过体验和思索所发现的全部知识。艺术使最近几代人理解先辈们体验到的所有情感以及与他们同时代最优秀、最杰出的人所体验的情感。正如知识的演变取决于消除和更换错误的东西，情感的演变因艺术而得以继续。不太善良的、对人类的幸福没有多大必要的情感被另外一些更善良的、对人类的幸福更有必要的情感所替代。这便是艺术的目的，艺术越是能实现目的，它就越好；艺术越是难以实现目的，它就越糟。

earning and innovation. It is not uncommon for students to【51】easygoing and friendly relationships with their professors. The casual professor is not necessarily a poor【52】and is still【53】by students.【54】students may be in a subordinate position, some professors treat them as【55】【56】, no matter how egalitarian professors would like to be, they【57】are in a position of authority.

Professors may establish social【58】with students outside of the classroom,【59】in the classroom they maintain the instructor's role. A professor may have coffee one day with students but the【60】day expect them to meet a deadline for the submission of a paper or to be prepared for a discussion or an exam. The professor may give extra attention outside of class to a student in need of help but probably will not treat him or her differently when it【61】to evaluating school work. Professors have several roles in relation【62】students; they may be counselors and friends as【63】as teachers. Students .must realize that when a teacher's【64】changes, they must appropriately【65】their behavior. and attitudes.

Many teachers believe that the responsibility for learning lies【66】the student. If a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the information in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or give an examination. (Courses are not【67】merely for students to pass exams, ) The ideal student is considered to be one【68】is motivated to learn for the sake of learning, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Grade-conscious students may be frustrated with teachers who do not believe it is necessary to grade every assignment. Sometimes homework is returned with brief written【69】but without a grade. Even if a【70】is not given, the student is responsible for learning the material assigned.

(51)