As in most ethical situations, making a true or false promise involves other people. Almos

nion between a woman and a man with expectation that they will play the roles of wife and husband. After studying extensive cross-cultural data, the anthropologist George P. Murdock concluded that reproduction, sexual relations, economic cooperation, and the socialization of offspring are functions of families throughout the world. We now recognize that Murdock overstated the matter, since there are a number of societies--for instance, Israeli kibbutz communities--in which the family does not encompass all four o[ these activities. What Murdock describes are commonly encountered tendencies in family functioning in most cultures.

Societies differ in how they structure marriage relationships. Four patterns are found: monogamy, one husband and one wife are found; polygyny, one husband and two or more wives; polyandry, two or more husbands and one wife; and group marriage, two or more husbands and two or more wives. Although monogamy exists in all societies, Murdock discovered that other forms may be not only allowed but preferred. Of 238 societies in this sample, only about one-fifth were strictly monogamous.

Polygyny has been widely practiced throughout the world. The Old Testament reports that both King David and King Solomon had several wives. In his cross-cultural sample of 238 societies, Murdock found that 193 of them permitted husbands to take several wives. In one-third of these polygynous societies, however, less than one-fifth of the married men had more than one wife. Usually it is only the rich men in a society who can afford to support more than one family.

In contrast with polygyny, polyandry is rare among the world's societies. And in practice, polyandry has not usually allowed freedom of mate selection for women; it has often meant simply that younger brothers have sexual access to the wife of an older brother. Thus where a father is unable to afford wives for each of his sons, he may secure a wife for only his oldest son.

150 words. You should write your composition neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 .

经常见到报道云：某某富翁到大学招亲，美女峰拥而至。这一现象引发社会热议。请评论。

ers, and publishers in the future—is that bad writing, chat speak, text, millions of message board posts that come from and lead nowhere, are having a cheapening effect on all written content. Editors and news directors today fret about the Internet as their predecessors worried about radio and TV, and all now see the huge threat the Web represents to the way they distribute their product.

The idea that the practice and craft of writing can simply retool itself for the digital age overlooks the fact that the Web is giving rise to totally unique forms of expression, a writing that is different from the kind traditionally found in books.

For lovers of literary writing, who are now watching the marketplace and Internet erode the remains of nineteenth-century print culture, these assurances may not be particularly consoling. We have no choice but to accept them. Arguing against the forces of digitalization is as much a losing battle as cursing the coming of the evening tide.

to write to Professor Black, your former British colleague, to invite him to attend the ceremony of your department.

Your composition should be more than 150 words. You should write your composition neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 .

ereby farmers lived together in a village and traveled each day to their nearby fields, was rare in the American West. Instead, various peculiarities of land division compelled the rural dwellers to live apart from each other. The Homestead Act of 1862 and other measures adopted to facilitate western settlement offered free or cheap plots to people who would live on and improve their property. Because most homesteads and other plots acquired by small farmers were rectangular--usually encompassing 160 acres--at most four families could live near each other, but only if they congregated around the same four-corner boundary intersection. In practice, farmers usually lived back from their boundary lines, and at least a half-mile separated farmhouses. Often adjacent land was unoccupied, making neighbors even more distant.

Many observers wrote about the loneliness and monotony of life on the Plains. Men escaped the oppressiveness by working outdoors and taking occasional trips to sell crops or buy supplies. But women were more isolated, confined by domestic chores to the household, where, as one writer remarked, they were "not much better than slaves. It is a weary, monotonous round of cooking and washing and mending and as a result the insane asylum is 1/3 filled with wives of farmers."

Study the following charts carefully and write an essay in which you should:

1) describe the chart briefly,

2) interpret the causes of it, and

3) give your comment on the tendency.

Your composition should be more than 150 words. You should write your composition neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Study the following graph carefully and write an essay. You should:

1) describe the graph and interpret its meaning, and

2) point out the problems and give your comments.

Your composition should be more than 150 words. You should write your composition neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 .

es an email to

1) inform. them about the details and

2)encourage them to participate 100 words use LiMing.Don&39;t write your address.

the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.

I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs my mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away realy. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everyone does- try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acture or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hosptital the day before. I also remember that the musical paly Hamopened on the Broadway on the same day- they both just pop into my mind in the same way.

A、 Live like a peasant

B、 Balance your diet

C、 Shopkeepers are your friends

D、 Remember to treat yourself

E、 Stick to what you need

F、 Planning is evervthing

G、 Waste not, want not

The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has 60 a week to spend, 40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning 130,000 a I year working in corporate communications and eating at London&39;s betft restaurants&39;" at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious.

"The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I&39;d lost. But it&39;s still a day-by-day thing." Now he&39;s living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He&39;s feeling positive, but he&39;ll carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can - "there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food" - but eating well on a budget. Here&39;s his advice for economical foodies.41._____________________Impulsive spending isn&39;t an option, so plan your week&39;s menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it&39;s not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It&39;s also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you&39;ll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.

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This is where supermarkets and thci; anonymity come in handy. With them, there&39;s not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you&39;ll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.

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You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that&39;s not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you&39;ll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to "go off&39; will be cooked or juiced.44___________________________________

Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you&39;ll feel comfortable asking if they&39;ve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, Theyil let you have for free.

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You won&39;t be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every fewmonths treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - 1.75 a week for three months gives you 21 - more than" enough for a three-course lunch atMichelin-starred Arbutus. It&39;s 16.95 there - or 12.99 for a large pizza from Domino&39;s: I know which I&39;d rather eat.