It is not necessary to be ______ on the lower floor of the library.

Questions 34-38

Label the diagram of Tiktaalik rosae using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR NUMBERS for each gap.

【34】

Questions 15-17

From the following list, choose the 3 things that you can experience at the museum. Write your answers on your answer sheet in any order.

[A]cutting fossils from rocks

[B]activity sheets for children

[C]sitting inside a T Rex jaw

[D]sitting on a dinosaur's brain

[E]the smell of dead dinosaurs

[F]a map of where some dinosaurs lived

[G]an exhibition of dinosaur artwork

【15】______

Questions 33-36

Complete the table using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

【33】

听力原文： Lecturer: In the last lecture, we looked at the adverse effects of desert dust on global climate. Today we're going to examine more closely what causes dust storms and what other effects they can have. As you know, dust storms have always been a feature of desert climates, but what we want to focus on today is the extent to which human activity is causing them. And it is this trend that I want to look at, because it has wide-ranging implications. So, what are these human activities? Well, there are two main types that affect the wind erosion process, and thus the frequency of dust storms. There are activities that break up naturally wind-resistant surfaces such as off-road vehicle use and construction and there are those that remove protective vegetation cover from soils, for example, mainly farming and drainage. In many cases the two effects occur simultaneously which adds to the problem.

Let's look at some real examples and see what I'm talking about. Perhaps the best-known example of agricultural impact on desert dust is the creation of the USA's 'dust bowl' in the 1930s. The dramatic rise in the number of dust storms during the latter part of that decade was the result of farmers' mismanaging their land. In fact, choking dust storms became so commonplace that the decade became known as the 'Dirty Thirties'.

Researchers observed a similar, but more prolonged, increase in dustiness in West Africa between the 1960s and the 1980s when the frequency of the storms rose to 80 a year and the dust was so thick that visibility was reduced to 1,000 metres. This was a hazard to pilots and road users. In places like Arizona, the most dangerous dust clouds are those generated by dry thunderstorms. Here, this type of storm is so common that the problem inspired officials to develop an alert system to warn people of oncoming thunderstorms. When this dust is deposited it causes all sorts of problems for machine operators. It can penetrate the smallest nooks and crannies and play havoc with the way things operate because most of the dust is made up of quartz which is very hard. Another example - the concentration of dust originating from the Sahara has risen steadily since the mid-1960s.

This increase in wind erosion has coincided with a prolonged drought, which has gripped the Sahara's southern fringe. Drought is commonly associated with an increase in dust-raising activity but it's actually caused by low rainfall which results in vegetation dying off.

One of the foremost examples of modern human-induced environmental degradation is the drying up of the Aral Sea in Central Asia. Its ecological demise dates from the 1950s when intensive irrigation began in the then Central Asian republics of the USSR. This produced a dramatic decline in the volume of water entering the sea from its two major tributaries. In 1960, the Aral Sea was the fourth-largest lake in the world, but since that time it has lost two-thirds of its volume, its surface area has halved and its water level has dropped by more than 216 metres. A knock-on effect of this ecological disaster has been the release of significant new sources of wind-blown material, as the water level has dropped.

And the problems don't stop there. The salinity of the lake has increased so that it is now virtually the same as sea water. This means that the material that is blown from the dry bed of the Aral Sea is highly saline. Scientists believe it is adversely affecting crops around the sea because salts are toxic to plants.

This shows that dust storms have numerous consequences beyond their effects on climate, both for the workings of environmental systems and for people living in drylands ...

SECTION 4 Questions 31-40

Questions 31-32

Complete the notes using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer

Main focus of lecture: the impact of 【31】______ on the occurrence of dust st

Questions 13-20

Complete the table below.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

【13】

Questions 33-36

Complete the notes on the words used in the essay title using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

【33】

versity essay can be thought of as an extended answer to a quite specific question that has been posed by your lecturer. A key consideration for lecturers when they mark students' work is whether the essay before them is relevant; that is whether it does in fact provide an answer to the question being posed. For this reason it is important when you prepare to work on an essay that you spend a reasonable amount of time reading and mulling over the essay topic so that you understand precisely what is being asked. This involves identifying and thinking about key words in the topic, among other things. This tutorial on essay writing is based on the following topic:

"In the last 20 years, rates of divorce have risen significantly in Western countries. Critically analyse some of the different explanations given for this phenomenon. In your discussion you should consider what implications these explanations might have for social policy."

'Implication' is a common term. Implications can be thought of as a set of ideas that follow on in some logical sense from a preceding set of ideas. In the case of this essay, the preceding set of ideas are the explanations for rising divorce. What is required then is that students consider what social policies might follow on from each of the different explanations considered. Note that the word 'phenomenon' refers here to 'rising divorce'. This means that the essay will need to be concerned with explaining why divorce rates have risen. 'Different explanations' suggests that different analysts have come up with a variety of reasons for this happening. To 'critically analyse' means to assess the value of some entity with respect to its strengths and weaknesses. This entity may be a theory, a policy, an argument, a piece of research etc. In the case of this essay topic, what needs to be evaluated are the different explanations given for rising divorce. This proposition is central to the essay topic. Clearly the essay will need to be concerned in a general sense with the subject of rising divorce. It is also important to note those terms which limit the subject in some way, in this case to a particular place—Western countries—and to a particular time—the last 20 years.

I asked three different students spent some time analysing the divorce essay topic. On the following three slides, you can read each of their interpretations of the topic. After reading each, decide whether you think it is a reasonable interpretation of the topic.

This slide shows Student As analysis—"This essay topic is about divorce in Western countries. I would look in detail at statistics for divorce in various countries. I would then mm to the effects of divorce, as discussed by various sociologists. I would describe the effects divorce is thought to have on parents and on children. Then I would consider what social policy solutions there are for the problems arising from divorce."

Student B wrote—"For this essay I would focus on why rates of divorce have increased in Western countries. To answer this question, I would give my own critical explanation, focusing on what I know from experience are the reasons why couples choose to divorce. I would then interview a number of divorced people I know asking them what the reasons were for the breakdown of their marriage. I would then consider current social policies relating to divorce and find out how well the people I interview have coped since they were divorced."

And this slide tells us what Student C wrote—"This topic states that divorce has risen in Western countries. First I would want to find out if this is the case by looking at statistics from a number of countries. Assuming that the proposition is true, I would then look at a variety of accounts given by sociologists for this increase. For each of these, I

Questions 3-5

Label the map Choose your answers from the box below:

Write the appropriate letters A-E on the map.

[A] State Bank

[B] St George's Hospital

[C] Garage

[D] Library

[E] University

【3】