Part B 52. Directions:Write an essay based on the following table on the production of TV

Part B (10 points)

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about Rituals and ceremonies and cultural identity. Choose the most suitable from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph (41—45). The first paragraph of the text is not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.

A. Preserving cultural identity can be achieved in different way.

B. Ritual and ceremony are used in order to keep their own cultural identification.

C. Ritual and ceremony should not be regarded as a only way of keeping cultural identification, for they have other function.

D. Different cultures mainly use superstition to keep identification.

E. Ritual and ceremony have a closer relation with superstition.

F. In American ritual and ceremony can show their subcultures identity.

The speaker asserts that rituals and ceremonies are needed for any culture or group of people to retain a strong sense of identity. I agree that one purpose of ritual and ceremony is to preserve cultural identity, at least in modern times. However, this is not their sole purpose; nor are ritual and ceremony the only means of preserving cultural identity.

(41)______.

I agree with the speaker insofar as one purpose of ritual and ceremony in today's world is to preserve cultural identity. Native American tribes, for example, cling tenaciously to their traditional ceremonies and rituals, which typically tell a story about tribal heritage. The reason for maintaining these rituals and customs lies largely in the tribes' 500-year struggle against assimilation, even extinction, at the hands of European intruders. An outward display of traditional customs and distinct heritage is needed to put the world on notice that each tribe is a distinct and autonomous people, with its own heritage, values, and ideas. Otherwise, the tribe risks total assimilation and loss of identity.

(42)______.

The lack of meaningful ritual and ceremony in homogenous mainstream America underscores this point. Other than a few gratuitous ceremonies such as weddings and funerals, we maintain no common rituals to set us apart from other cultures. The reason for this is that as a whole America has little cultural identity of its own anymore. Instead, it has become a patchwork quilt of many subcultures, such as Native Americans, Hasidic Jews, Amish, and urban African Americans—each of which resort to some outward demonstration of its distinctiveness in order to establish and maintain a unique cultural identity.

(43)______.

Nevertheless, preserving cultural identify cannot be the only purpose of ritual and ceremony. Otherwise, how would one explain why isolated cultures that don't need to distinguish themselves to preserve their identity nevertheless engage in their own distinct rituals and ceremonies? In fact, the initial purpose of ritual and ceremony is rooted not in cultural identity but rather superstition and spiritual belief. The original purpose of a ritual might have been to frighten away evil spirits, to bring about weather conditions favorable to bountiful harvests, or to entreat the gods for a successful hunt or for victory in battle. Even today some primitive cultures engage in rituals primarily for such reasons.

(44)______.

Nor are ritual and ceremony the only means of preserving cultural identity. For example, our Amish culture demonstrates its distinctiveness through dress and lifestyle. Hasidic Jews set themselves apart by their dress, vocational choices, and dietary habits. And African Americans distinguish themselves today by their manner of speech and gesture. Of course, these subcultures have their own distinct ways of cerebrating events such as weddings, coming of age, and so forth. Yet ritual and ceremony are not the primary means by which these subcultures maintain their identity.

Part B (10 points)

You are going to read a text about Christmas, followed by a list of information. Choose the best information from the list for each numbered subheading.

(41) What is Christmas?

The word Christmas comes from the words Cristes maesse, or "Christ's Mass". Christmas is the celebration of the birth of Jesus for members of the Christian religion. Most historians peg the first celebration of Christmas to Rome in 336 A.D. Christmas is both a holiday and a Holy Day.

(42) Why does everyone give each other presents on Christmas day?

The tradition of gifts seems to have started with the gifts that the wise men (the Magi) brought to Jesus.

Why is there a small evergreen tree in your living room?

This is a German tradition, started as early as 700 A.D. In the 1800's the tradition of a Christmas Tree was widespread in Germany, then moved to England and then America through Pennsylvanian German immigrants.

(43) Why have you decorated this evergreen with ornaments, lights, fake snow and mylar plastic tinsel?

In Victorian times, people had already started decorating trees with candies and cakes hung with ribbon. In 1880 Woolworths first sold manufactured Christmas Tree ornaments, and they caught on very quickly.

(44) Why is there a big log in the fireplace?

According to the book a The Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins" by William and Mary Morris, "Yuletide for Christmastime is a term derived from the yule log, which in olden days was a huge log used as the foundation of the holiday fires. Bringing the yule log in was, as recently as the nineteenth century, as much a part of the pre-Christmas festivities as putting up an evergreen tree today. Yule can be traced back to the Middle English Yollen (cry aloud) and is thought to date from early Anglo-Saxon revels in celebration of the discovery (after the Winter Solstice, December 22) that nights were becoming shorter."

(45) Why are there oversized socks hanging on your mantel?

According to a very old tradition, the original Saint Nicholas (see below) left his very first gifts of gold coins in the stockings of three poor girls who needed the money for their wedding dowries. The girls had hung their stockings by the fire to dry.

And why are stores and malls so geared up about this holiday? Why does every mall have a Santa village, and why do kids come sit on Santa's knee?

As mentioned above, stores and malls have been revived up about Christmas since the late 1800's. In America today the weeks between thanksgiving and Christmas are, by far, the biggest retail sales weeks of the year.

A. Up until lately it was traditiono1 to receive small items like fruit, nuts and candy in your stocking, but these have been replaced in the last half-century by more expensive gifts in many homes.

B. As recounted in the Bible's book of Matthew, "On coming to the house they saw the child with his mother Mary, and they bowed down and worshipped him. Then they opened their treasures and presented him with gifts of gold and of incense and of myrrh." As mentioned in the previous question, however, no one was really in the habit of exchanging elaborate gifts until late in the 1800's. The Santa Claus story combined with an amazing retailing phenomena that has grown since the turn of the century has made gift giving a central focus of the Christmas tradition.

C. The survival of most retail stores depends on the Christmas buying season. Therefore retailers do whatever they can to whip people into a Christmas buying spirit and to attract them to their stores. Festive decorations, big ads, Santa's Villages and all the rest is a part of that process.

D. Up until the 19th century, the custom of burning the Yule Log flourished in England, France, Germany and

Part B (10 points)

You are going to read a text about the approaches to creating championship, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example.

(41) What do you need in order to be a record breaker?

Sports experts agree that the single most important factor in creating a champion is genetic make-up, the possession of genes that impart an innate ability to stride leap, burn energy efficiently or suck lots of oxygen from the air. "The great athletes are genuine statistical outliers...physiological freaks," says sports scientist Craig Sharp of Brunel University in Middlesex, UK.

(42) How will we find or create the next generation of champion athletes?

The most likely way is to widen our search to find someone with a genetic makeup that allows him or her to surpass other athletes. When East African runners began competing internationally, for example, it became apparent that their light frame. make them uniquely economical in their use of energy.

(43) Have we reached the limit of human performance?

No, but records are being broken by ever narrower margins. When statisticians plot how the best performance in a given event changes over time, they see the graph leveling off. And the shorter the event, the smaller are the slivers of time being shaved off. So al though Paula Radcliffe has sliced whole seconds off the marathon world record, sprinters are improving by mere hundredths of a second.

(44) Will we ever reach an absolute limit?

Theoretically, an absolute time to how far or fast the human body can go does, but "where it is we don't know," says Millar. Perhaps the only way we can recognize the ultimate performance will be retrospectively, after a record has stood for years.

(45) In future, will athletes simply test their limits in new ways?

As records become harder and harder to break, we may start comparing athletes by other standards, such as the number of gold medals or their performance over time. Lance Armstrong's six consecutive wins in the Tour de France, for example, may never be surpassed. "The elite might be defined by how many times they win", says Millar.

A. Athletes might also invent new sports to test themselves. The emergence of the triathlon in the 1970s was fuelled by runners, swimmers and cyclists looking for a new challenge; it made its debut as an Olympic event in 2000.

B. Once scientists have identified the genes that confer a genetic advantage in sport, athletes might also be screened to pick out the ones with most genetic potential. "There are all sorts of people out there, and we don't know what they can do", says exercise and sports scientist Carl Foster of the University of Wisconsin in La Crosse. Because the rewards are growing and competition is becoming more intense, athletes are being driven more and more towards drugs to gain the edge. Experts predict that the next generation of champions will include many doped ones. They are particularly fearful of "gene doping" in which athletes boost the performance of key genes.

C. Psychology is vital. Athletes need enormous focus and drive to win. Many people think that the main barrier to breaking the four-minute mile was a psychological one: once Roger Bannister did it in 1954, several others clocked sub-four-minute times shortly afterwards. Sometimes breaking a record involves taking a risk in an event, such as breaking from the pack with a full lap to go, and that takes a certain state.

D. Not every sport can be accurately measured, of course. Running and jumping can be quantified with stick or stopwatch, but football and tennis performances are much harder to gauge.

E. On top of this, however, training and technique are vital. They allow athletes to sculpt muscles, for example, so that they burn less energy while achieving the same speeds as others.

Part B (10 points)

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about history relevant to our daily lives. Choose the most suitable from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph (41—45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.

A. Human history contains great stories that can help us appreciate more about past life.

B. The great achievement can provide motivation for learners.

C. Making us more human, more than anything else, is the purpose of studying history.

D. Learning history can lead a more colorful life.

E. History can tell us when we should give up.

F. History can teach us a lesson from its mistakes.

The speaker alleges that studying history is valuable only insofar as it is relevant to our daily lives. I find this allegation to be specious. It wrongly suggests that history is not otherwise instructive and that its relevance to our everyday lives is limited. To the contrary, studying history provides inspiration, innumerable lessons for living, and useful value clarification and perspective—all of which help us decide how to live our lives.

(41)______.

To begin with, learning about great human achievements of the past provides inspiration. For example, a student inspired by the courage and tenacity of history's great explorers might decide as a result to pursue a career in archeology, oceanography, or astronomy. This decision can, in turn, profoundly affect that student's everyday life—in school and beyond. Even for students not inclined to pursue these sorts of careers, studying historical examples of courage in the face of adversity can provide motivation to face their own personal fears in life. In short, learning about grand accomplishments of the past can help us get through the everyday business of living, whatever that business might be, by emboldening us and lifting our spirits.

(42)______.

In addition, mistakes of the past can teach us as a society how to avoid repeating those mistakes. For example, history can teach us the inappropriateness of addressing certain social issues, particularly moral ones, on a societal level. Attempts to legislate morality invariably fail, as aptly illustrated by the Prohibition experiment in the U.S. during the 1930s. Hopefully, as a society we can apply this lesson by adopting a more enlightened legislative approach toward such issues as free speech, criminalization of drug use, criminal justice, and equal rights under the law.

(43)______.

Studying human history can also help us understand and appreciate the mores, values, and ideals of past cultures. A heightened awareness of cultural evolution, in turn, helps us formulate informed and reflective values and ideals for ourselves. Based on these values and ideals, students can determine their authentic life path as well as how they should allot their time and interact with others on a day-to-day basis.

(44)______.

Finally, it might be tempting to imply from the speaker's allegation that studying history has little relevance even for the mundane chores that occupy so much of our time each day, and therefore is of little value. However, from history we learn not to take everyday activities and things for granted. By understanding the history of money and banking we can transform. an otherwise routine trip to the bank into an enlightened experience, or a visit to the grocery store into an homage to the many inventors, scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs of the past who have made such convenience possible today. And, we can fully appreciate our freedom to go about our daffy lives largely as we choose only by understanding our political heritage. In short, appreciating history can serve to elevate our everyday chores to richer, more interesting, and more enjoyab

Part B (10 points)

Though hardly as unwelcome as death or taxes, college entrance exams are just as inevitable and almost as dreaded by high school students.

As the testing dates loom for juniors and seniors for the SAT (formerly called the Scholastic Assessment Test) and the American College Test, or ACT, most students are looking for an edge, any edge, in the competition.

And as the number of homes with computers continues to rise, test publishers and software developers have been quick to recognize a growing niche. With the market for test preparation materials at all levels estimated at $540 million annually, they have jumped on the tech bandwagon to produce computerized tutorials that promise to boost scores.

(41)"We believe that it's important for a student to be prepared to take the tests," notes Don Powers, a research scientist at the Educational Testing Service in Princeton, N. J. , the organization that administers the SAT for the College Board. "It's important to know how to take the test so that you won't get a score that's lower than you deserve." But, he adds, "none of the rigorous scientific evidence that we have seen supports these promises" to raise test scores.

(42) Several points, however, do weigh in favor of software as opposed to traditional test-preparation. Cost is a big one.

(43) Convenience is another, as the College Board points out in touting its new sofware.Afew points to remember when evaluating various test-prep software packages:

(44) The exams, though they may seem mystical to the test taker, are not magic and certainly not random. There is little variation in the strategies the programs use to boost test scores because there is little variation in how the test are developed.

Largely, what differentiates one program from another is the computer interface, which can make the software more—or less—user-friendly, and such features as automated tracking of student progress.

(45) A crash course with test prep software is never an alternative to careful, long-term preparation for taking the exams. Some students are better equipped to respond to the self-paced, self-motivated approach software offers than others, Powers notes.

Although parents may be in the market for what they consider "serious" study aids, their children, who are the ones taking the tests, may appreciate the programs that offer a little humor.

Finally, as programs frequently point out, the SAT and ACT, while important to college admissions officers, are only one element of a successful college application.

[A] A test prep course with a live instructor can cost as much as $700. Test-prep software costs $30 to $80.

[B] Most of the programs, in fact, emphasize the importance of "guessing strategies" and eliminating unlikely answers to improve scores.

[C] Unlike many programs, this one can give you a quick, easy and comfortable way to achieve a high score.

[D] "I would rather use the program than take a preparation course, because I could do this on my own time and in my own home," notes one student in the College Board materials.

[E] Although at least one of the test programs asks you how long you have to prepare to take the examination in order to customize the learnign curve, all recommend spending a period of weeks, not hours, using the software.

[F] But though many programs offer money-back guarantees, professional test writers tend to scoff at those claims.

(41)

Part B (10 points)

You are going to read a text about tips of how to make a good speech, followed by a list of examples and explanations. Choose the best example or explanation from the list for each numbered subheading. There is one extra example which you do not need to use.

Before you speak to any audience, you should learn as much about its members as possible. Only in that way can you best adapt the level of your language and the content of your talk to your listeners.

(41) Speaking to someone you know well.

Where are you likely to speak? Certainly, in this class you'll give several talks, and since you know most, ff not all, of the students, you should face no major problems in adapting your approach to them. Another speaking possibility exists in your workplace.

A third speaking possibility exists in any organization (social, cultural, athletic, and so on) that you belong to. You may be asked to speak at the next meeting or at the annual banquet. Here again, you know the people involved, their background, their education level, and their attitudes? and that's a tremendous advantage for you. Since we're upbeat and positive in this course, we'll assume that you've given successful talks under all three circumstances, and with this course under your belt, you can do it again. Since good speakers are hard to find and word about them travels fast, suppose that one day you get an invitation to speak to an organization in which you don't know a soul. What do you do now? If you feel able to handle the topic you're asked to speak on, accept this rare challenge. Here's where audience analysis comes into play. Be sure to ask the person who invited you for information on the members, information that encompasses a broad spectrum, such as in the following areas.

(42) How old are your listeners?

(43) Sex composition of your listeners.

(44) Interest in topic.

(45) Interests or hobbies of the listeners.

A. If you're invited to speak to a women's or men's organization, you know the answer to this question at once. Quite often, however, audiences are mixed fairly evenly, although at times one sex may predominate.

B. Do members of your prospective audience spend evenings watching TV movies and drinking beer at a local tavern, or do they read the Harvard Classics and attend concerts of Beethoven and Mozart? Do they play bingo and 21, or do they pursue the questions the intriguing intricacies of contract bridge and chess? Answers to these questions can help you choose the most appropriate material and language for your audience. Your choices can be crucial in determining the success or failure of your presentation.

C. Are the members recent college graduates, senior citizens, or business executives in midcareer? Just remember, age exerts a powerful impact on people's attitudes, values and motivations.

D. For example, your department manager may ask you to explain and demonstrate a procedure to some fellow employee. Or she may select you to address your department on behalf of the local blood donor drive. In both speech situations—in class and on the job—you're familiar with your audience; you speak their language; you have things in common with them.

E. Are you aware of the educational background of your audience? How many of them have doctoral degrees, master degrees or bachelor degrees? This will decide what kind of language you should adopt and how much they can understand.

F. Are the members of the organization interested in the topic or are they required to attend regardless of their interest? If the latter is true, what types of material will most likely pique their curiosity?

Part B (10 points)

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about science. Choose the most suitable heading from the list for each numbered paragraph. The first paragraph of the text is not numbered. There is one extra heading which you don't need to use.

A. The Need for Science

B. The Methods of Science

C. The Challenge of Unsolved Problems

D. The Specific Features of the Laws of Science

E. The Steps in Establishing a Scientific Theory

F. The Rapid Increase of Scientific Knowledge

It is the business of the scientist to accumulate knowledge about the universe and all that is in it, and to find, if he is able, common factors which underlie and account for the facts that he knows. He chooses, when he can, the method of the "controlled experiment".

(41)______.

In the course of his inquiries the scientist may find what he thinks is one common explanation for an increasing number of facts. The explanation, if it seems consistently to fit the various facts, is called a hypothesis. If a hypothesis continues to stand the test of numerous experiments and remains unshaken, it becomes a law.

(42)______.

The "laws" of science differ from the "laws" of a country in two ways. First, a scientific law is liable at any time to need modifying. This happens when a fact is discovered which seems to contradict what the "law" would lead one to expect. The "law" may, in fact, have to be abandoned altogether. Second, a scientific "law" says, "This is likely to be the explanation", or "This accounts for the facts as far as we know them". But the "law" of the country says, "You must..." or "You must not…" The scientific "law" has no moral force; it is not binding on human behavior. nor approved or opposed by human conscience.

(43)______.

The evidence as to the vastness of the universe and the complexity of its arrangements continues to grow at an amazing rate. The gap between what we know and all that can be known seems not to diminish, but rather to increase with every new discovery. Fresh unexplored regions are forever opening out. The rapidity of the growth of scientific knowledge, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, is apt to give students and teachers the impression that no sooner is a problem stated than the answer is forthcoming. A more detailed study of the history of science corrects the impression that fundamental discoveries are made with dramatic suddenness. Even in our present age no less than fifty years separate the discovery of radioactivity from the explosion of the first atomic bomb. The teacher, giving his brief accounts of scientific discovery, is apt to forget the long periods of misunderstanding, of false hypotheses and general uncertainty, which almost invariably precede the clear statement of scientific truth.

(44)______.

The vast mass of information which scientists have gained has provided the answer to the fundamental questions which, through the centuries, have puzzled and sometimes tortured the human mind. There are many such questions. The study of parasites has provided evidence that organisms which could be self-supporting have become parasites, but hardly any light has been shed on the problem of why they should have done so. What enables an organism to respond to the poisonous secretions of harmful bacteria and organize its resources to defend its life?

(45)______.

To raise the standard of living in any country, two things are required: scientific knowledge, and a population sufficiently educated to understand how to apply it. Without the latter, the expected benefits will not come.

Notes: ado麻烦，忙乱。be binding on对...有约束力。parasite 寄生虫。shed light on 使某事物更清楚些。secretion分泌物

Part B (10 points)

You are going to read a text about being a better friend, followed by a list of important ways. Choose the best way from the list A—F for each numbered subheading (41—45). There is one extra way which you do not need to use.

Back when we were kids, the hours spent with friends were too numerous to count. There were marathon telephone conversations, all-night studying and giggling sessions. Even after boyfriends entered the picture, our best friends remained irreplaceable. And time was the means by which we nurtured those friendships. Now as adult women we never seem to have enough time for anything. Husbands, kids, careers and avocations—all require attention; too often, making time for our friends comes last on the list of priorities. And yet, ironically, we need our friends as much as ever in adulthood. A friendship network is absolutely crucial for our well-being as adults. We have to do the hard work of building and sustaining the network. Here are some important ways for accomplishing this.

Let go of your less central friendships.

Many of our friendships were never meant to last a lifetime. It's natural that some friendships have time limits. Furthermore, now everyone has a busy social calendar, so pull back from some people that you don't really want to draw close to and give the most promising friendship a fair chance to grow.

(41) Be willing to "drop everything" when you're truly needed.

You may get a call from a friend who is really depressed over a certain problem when you are just sitting down to enjoy a romantic dinner with your husband. This is just one of those instances when a friend's needs mattered more.

(42) Take advantage of the mails.

Nearly all of us have pals living far away—friends we miss very much. Given the limited time available for visits and the high price of phone calls, writing is a fine way to keep in touch—and makes both sender and receiver feel good.

(43) Risk expressing negative feelings.

When time together is tough to come by, it's natural to want the mood during that time to be upbeat. And many people fear that others will think less of you if you express the negative feelings like anger and hurt.

(44) Don't make your friends' problems your own.

Sharing your friend's grief is the way you show deep friendship.

Never underestimate the value of loyalty.

Loyalty has always been rated as one of the most desired qualities in friends. True loyalty can be a fairly subtle thing. Some people feel it means that, no matter what, your friend will always take your side. But real loyalty is being accepting the person, not necessarily of certain actions your friend might take.

(45) Give the gift of time as often as time allows.

Time is what we don't have nearly enough of, and yet, armed with a little ingenuity, we can make it to give it to our friends.

The last but not the least thing to keep a friendship alive is to say to your friends "I miss you and love you". Saying that at the end of a phone conversation, or a visit, or writing it on a birthday card, can sustain your friendship for the times you aren't together.

A. But taking on your friend's pain doesn't make that pain go away. There's a big difference between empathy or recognizing a friend's pain, and over identification, which makes the sufferer feel even weaker. "I must be in worse pain than I even thought, because the person I'm confiding in is suffering so much!" Remember troubled people just need their friends to stay grounded in their own feelings.

B. Remember honesty is the key to keeping a friendship real. Sharing your pain will actually deepen a friendship.

C. Besides, letters, cards and postcards have the virtue of being tangible-friends ca

Part B (10 points)

[A] Inventories of this stored merchandise often need to be financed. Modern marketing is therefore a coordinated system of many business activities. But basically it involves four things: selling the correct product at the proper place, selling it at a price determined by demand, satisfying a customer's need and wants, and producing a profit for the company.

[B] Raw materials requiring little or no special treatment can be transported by rail, ship or barge at low cost. Large quantities of raw materials travel as bulk freight. But finished products that often require special treatment, such as refrigeration of careful handling, are usually transported by truck. This merchandise freight is usually smaller in volume and requires quicker delivery. Merchandise freight is a term for the transportation of manufactured goods.

[C] The terms market and marketing can have several meanings depending upon how they are used. The term stock market refers to the buying and selling of shares in corporations. As well as other activities related to stock trading and pricing. The important world stock markets are in London, Geneva, New York, Tokyo and Singapore, another tpe of market is a grocery market, which is a place where people purchase food. When economists use the word market. They mean a set of forces or conditions that determine the price of a product, such as the supply available for sale and the demand for it by consumers. The term marketing in business includes all these meanings, and more.

[D] In the past, the concept of marketing emphasized sales. The producer or manufacturer made a product he wanted to sell. Marketing was the task of figuring out how to sell the product. Basically, selling the product would be accomplished by sales promotion, which included advertising and personal selling. In addition to sales promotion, marketing also involved the physical distribution of the product to the places where it was actually sold. Distribution consisted of transportation, storage, and related services. Such as financing, standardization and grading, and the related risks.

[E] Marketing now involves first deciding what the customer wants, and designing and producing a product that satisfies these wants at a profit to the company. Instead of concentrating solely on product, the company must consider the desires of the consumer. And this is much more difficult since it involves human behavior. Production, on the other hand, is mostly an engineering problem, thus, demand and market forces are still an important aspect of modern marketing. But they are considered prior to the production process.

[F] The modern marketing concept encompasses all of the activities mentioned, but it is based on a different set of principles. It subscribes to the notion that production can be economically justified only by consumption. In other words, goods should be produced only if they can be sold. Therefore, the producer should consider who is going to buy the product. Or what the market for the product is before production begins. This is very different from making a product and then thinking about how to sell it.

[G] Because products are often, marketed internationally, distribution has increased in importance. Goods must be at the place where the customer needs them or brought there. This is known as place utility, it adds value to a product. However, many markets are separated from the place of production. Which means that often both raw materials and finished products must be transported to the points where they are needed.

[H] Along all points of the distribution channel various amounts of storage are required. The time and manner of such storage depends upon the type of product.

Part B (10 points)

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about periodicals in the world. Choose the most suitable heading from the list or each numbered paragraph. The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.

A. Periodicals in initial stage

B. The function of periodicals

C. Newspapers and other periodicals online

D. The introduction of reviews

E. Features of periodicals

F. The emergence of modern periodicals

Periodicals refer to publications released on a regular basis that may include news, feature articles, poems, fictional stories, or other types of writing. Many periodicals also include photographs and drawings. Periodicals that are aimed at a general audience, such as weekly news roundups or monthly special-interest publications, are also called magazines. Those with a more narrow audience, such as publications of scholarly organizations, can be termed journals. While newspapers are periodicals, the term generally has come to refer to publications other than dailies.

(41)______.

Historically, most periodicals have differed from newspapers in their format, publication schedule, and content. Most newspapers deal with the news of the day and are issued on pulp paper with relatively large, unbound pages. By contrast, other types of periodicals focus on more specialized material, and when they deal with news they tend to do so in the form. of summaries or commentaries. For centuries these periodicals generally have been printed on finer paper than newspapers, with smaller bound pages, and issued at intervals longer than a day (weekly, every two weeks, monthly, quarterly, or even annually).

(42)______.

In the 1990s, with the growth of the Internet, publishers began to release newspapers and other periodicals online. This development blurred the line between the two forms because the general format and design of online newspapers and periodicals are similar, and the publication schedules of both forms became more flexible. For example, many newspaper publishers update their online versions throughout the day, and some online periodicals do the same. Despite these technological changes, the two forms' differing emphasis in choice of content remains a distinguishing factor.

(43)______.

The earliest periodicals include the German Erbauliche Monaths-Unterredungen (Edifying Monthly Discussions, 1663-1668), the French Journal des Sayahs (1665; subsequently titled Journal des Savants), and the English Philosophical Transactions (1665) of the Royal Society of London. These were essentially collections of summaries (later essays) on developments in art, literature, philosophy, and science.

(44)______.

The first periodical of the modern general type, devoted to a miscellany of reading entertainment, was the English publication The Gentleman's Magazine (1731-1907)—the first instance of the use of the word magazine to denote a forum for entertaining reading. It contained reports of political debates, essays, stories, and poems and was widely influential. It served as the model for the first true American periodicals, General Magazine and Historical Chronicle and American Magazine. Both of these periodicals first appeared in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in January 1741 as rival publications; neither lasted more than a few months, however. The former was founded by the American statesman and scientist Benjamin Franklin and the latter by the American printer Andrew Bradford.

(45)______.

Monthly or quarterly reviews, usually partisan in polities, and with articles contributed by eminent authors and politicians, were introduced in Britain early in the 19th century. Of these, two became outstanding. The Edinburgh Review (1802-1929), founded in supp