Ninety-five percent of adult Americans sleep seven to eight hours a night. The rest seem t

animal and plant species. But this rich biodiversity is under threat because of continuing habitat-loss. Vast areas are being cleared through deforestation either for agriculture or urban development and if habitats continue to disappear at their present rate, then between thirteen and forty two percent of wildlife will become extinct. These predictions have been calculated by scientists through Singapore, Australia and Japan, who looked at species loss in Singapore over the last one hundred and eighty years. Here habitats of terrestrial and freshwater species have shrunk by ninety-five percent, and forest reserves, which cover only a quarter of a percent of Singapore's land area, now harbour more than fifty percent of flora and fauna. By comparing this data to the rest of the region the scientists calculated these huge losses. The authors say that major conservation efforts need to be put in place otherwise many species will be lost forever.

What is the topic of the news item？

A．Tropics.

B．Forests.

C．Animals.

D．Ecology.

tration says fifty percent of small businesses【C1】______in the first year and ninety-five percent fail within five years.

Many【C2】______believe one way to【C3】______their chance of success is to【C4】______an already【C5】______business【C6】______a franchise(特许经营权). A franchise provides a name and products that people know. One of the【C7】______franchising companies in the world,【C8】______, is McDonald's.

A person who wants to start a【C9】______must pay a【C10】______. This amount of money depends on【C11】______the franchising company【C12】______the new business to earn. To open a McDonald's franchise costs at least 500,000 dollars【C13】______fees. Franchise fees for some other companies are only a few thousand dollars.【C14】______, store space, goods and other things needed to operate a franchise may cost【C15】______.

Franchise buyers【C16】______pay a percentage of their earnings every year【C17】______the right to operate the business. They also must agree to pay for marketing efforts. A【C18】______of earnings【C19】______national advertising. Another percentage may go to local advertising.

Franchises are a very big kind of small business. Like any other kind of business,【C20】______, there is no guarantee of success.

【C1】

A．succeed

B．fail

C．prosper

D．run

le to pay the soldiers and policemen who【52】us; 【53】the workers in government offices who look after our health, our food, our water, and all【54】things that we cannot do for ourselves.【55】of taxation, we pay for things that we need【56】as much as we need somewhere to live and something to eat.

In most countries, a direct tax on persons, 【57】is called income tax, exists. It is arranged in【58】a way that the poorest people pay nothing, and the【59】of tax grows greater as the taxpayers'【60】grows. In England, for example, the tax on the【61】people goes up as【62】as ninety-five percent!

But countries with direct taxation nearly always have【63】taxation too. Many things【64】into the country have to pay taxes or "duties".【65】, it is the men and women who buy these imported things in the shops who really have to pay the duties, in the【66】of higher prices. In some countries, too, there is a tax on things sold in the shops. If the most necessary things are taxed, a lot of money is collected, but the poor people suffer【67】If unnecessary things like jewels and fur coats are taxed, 【68】money is obtained, but the tax is fairer, as the【69】pay it.

Probably this last kind of indirect tax, 【70】with a direct tax on incomes which is low for the poor and high for the rich, is the best arrangement.

(51)

A．but for

B．without

C．because of

D．instead of

回答题:

Chest Compressions: Most Important of CPR

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, can save the life of someone whose heart has stopped. The condition is called cardiac arrest. The heart stops pumping blood. The person stops breathing. Without lifesaving measures, the brain starts to die within four to six minutes. CPR combines breathing into the victim&39;s mouth and repeated presses on the chest.__________(46).

However, a new Japanese study questions the usefulness of mouth-to-mouth breathing. Thestudy was published in the British medical magazine, The Lancet. Doctors in Tokyo led the research. It examined more than four thousand people who had suffered cardiac arrest. In all the cases, witnesses saw the event happen.

More than one thousand of the victims received some kind of medical assistance from witnesses. Seven hundred and twelve received CPR. Four hundred and thirty-nine received chest presses only.__________(47)The researchers say any kind of CPR improved chances of the patient&39;s survival. But, they said those people treated with only chest presses suffered less brain damage.

Twenty-two percent survived with good brain ability.__________(48).

The American Heart Association changed its guidelines for CPR chest presses in 2005.

__________ (49) Gordon Ewy is a heart doctor at the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson. He wrote a report that appeared with the study. Doctor Ewy thinks the CPR guidelines should be changed again. He said the heart association should remove rescue breaths from the guidelines. He argues that more witnesses to cardiac arrests would provide treatment if rescue breaths are not a part of CPR. He says this would save lives __________ (50).

Cardiac arrest kills more than 300,000 people in the United States every year. The American Heart Association says about ninety-five percent of victims die before they get to a medical center.

（46）__________ 查看材料

A.So far， we have not known exactty yet whether mouth-to-mouth breathing is really useless in CPR

B.Only ten percent of the victims treated with traditional CPR survived with good brain ability

C.CPR keeps blood and oxygen flowing to the heart and brain

D.His studies show that many people do not want to perform. mouth-to-mouth breathing on a stranger for fear of getting a disease

E.It said people should increase the number of chest presses from fifteen to thirty for every two breaths given

F.No mouth-to-mouth rescue breaths were given to them

mericans, too, believe that the United States provides almost limifiess opportunity for those who want to open businesses on their own.

Today, Americans are still fond of trying their hand at becoming small business people, even though only one out of two survives the first two years. Many of these people start their businesses for the wrong reasons: to get away from the paper work of their present jobs or to exchange the responsibility of their present jobs for freer life styles. But more, not less, paper work and responsibility come with ownership of a small business. John Shuttleworth, owner of the recently successful life-ecology news magazine Mother Earth, reports having had to work sixty hours straight in order to bring out the first issue.

John Shuttleworth waited years after conceiving the idea for Mother Earth before he attempted to put out the first issue. During that time, he collected as much information as he could about his proposed venture. He borrowed books about business from the library; he talked to people already established in the field; and he began planning in detail the amount of money and the kinds and numbers of supplies he would need. When he finally opened with a capital of $1,500, he set up his office in the kitchen of his home and his printing press in the garage. Due to his devotion to business his managerial skill, and his talent, Mother Earth now has a circulation of 300,000:

Not all small business succeed as well as Mother Earth has. Fifty percent of the 450,000 that start in the United States every year fail. Still, ninety-five percent businesses in the States can be described as small. Combined, these businesses account for forty percent of America's gross national product.

According to this passage, many people start their own businesses for the wrong reasons. The reasons are wrong because they do not realize that ______.

A．their own businesses will provide large income but less responsibility

B．their own businesses will not relieve them from paper work and responsibility

C．their own businesses will require longer working hours but less paper work

D．their own businesses could easily fail

ganisms that cause disease. This advice may sound simple. However, experts say a lot of people do not follow it.

A recent study found that many Americans fail to wash their hands after using public toilets. About thirty percent of the people left public restrooms without stopping to wash their hands.

In the study, researchers asked 1,000 adults how often they washed their hands. The researchers observed almost 8,000 people at public toilets in five major American cities. Remits of the study were compared to a similar study clone in 1996.

More than ninety-five percent of Americans questioned said they always wash their hands after using public restrooms. However, the study found that only seventy percent of them actually do so.

The study also found that American men arc less likely than women to wash their hands after using a public restroom.

The American Society for Microbiology announced the findings. Judy Daly works for the group. She admits that hand washing may seem an unusual subject to study. But she says hand washing is a very serious issue. Experts say hand washing is the simplest and most effective way to reduce the spread of infectious diseases.

Infections can spread by touching surfaces that have harmful organisms on them. Shaking hands with another person also can spread infection. Harmful bacteria may enter your body if you touch your mouth, nose or eyes.

Among the most common infections spread by hand are colds, influenza, and throat and ear infections. In addition, millions of food poisoning cases each year are blamed on people who prepare food but do not wash their hands. More serious diseases like cholera and hepatitis are spread this way, too.

Many patients in hospitals also get infections. Some die from them. The spread of infections often is blamed on health workers who do not wash their hand after treating patients.

The American Society of Microbiology has launched a public information campaign to get more people to wash their hands. Experts say following the correct method is important. You should wash your hand with soap and hot running water for at least fifteen seconds.

Questions:

15.Among the Americans questioned, how many of them don't actually wash their hands after using public restrooms？

16.In the study, how many people were observed at public toilets in five major cities？

17.How do harmful bacteria enter your body？

18.How should you wash your hands？

(35)

A．13%

B．30%

C．67%

D．95%

t follow.

？For each Question 15-20, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose.

Customer relations describes the resources of a company—be it a store, manufacturer, or service industry—that are devoted to discerning and then serving the needs of customers. In earlier times, this was known as the complaint department, the part of the operation that dealt with negative customer comments, returns, and other concerns. Renaming this function customer relations is more than a word game. It reflects the proactive nature of the department in modern industry and retailing. Customer service extends beyond sales and advertising to ensure that the company understands its customer base and what its customers really want. Customer relations works within the business to direct the quality of the product or service, its delivery, and advertising strategy to meet that need. This part of a business operation responds to customer inquiries and complaints and resolves problems so as not to lose customers; at the same time, customer relations works with the marketing department to attract new customers.

The short answer to why so much attention should be paid to customer needs and dissatisfied customers is that such attention has been found to support long-term success. Some of the earliest such endeavors began with concern over product reputation—as far back as the early days of the Industrial Revolution in the 1890s. Placing one's name on a product was considered to be a bond of tie between the customer and the merchant and/or the manufacturers.

Over the years, many firms developed a policy of "the customer is always right," finding that it was more profitable to take a small loss and keep a customer than to argue with customers about alleged defective products or problems that occurred with staff. Firms developed complaint departments to deal with customers who had bad experiences with products or services.

As consumer consciousness grew in the late twentieth century the focus of the industry shifted from dealing with dissatisfied customers as they complained, to a more active approach of reaching out to discover why the complaint was made, to ensure that the dissatisfied customers remain customers, and to study each case and improve the product or service and the way in which it was delivered to customers. In the 1960s the complaint department began to be known as the customer relations department. Customer relations departments still take on complaints. The advent of toll-free numbers makes it easier for people to register complaints—and praise. Customers who phone in praise for or complaints about a product are often offered free coupons and recipes for that product.

Studies of the customer relations movement show that the shift to an aggressive policy of customer study is more than "nice", it is profitable for business. Resources expended in the customer service area are more than offset by savings from customers not lost. Goodwill toward all customers reaps tangible rewards in the form. of increased profits for business.

In a study of service industries, Ron Zemke cited two studies by Technical Assistance Research Institute (TARP) in Washington D. C. , on consumer complaints. TARP found that one in four customers was upset enough about a product or service or both to seek an alternative business for that product or service. Of those unhappy customers, however, only five percent had bothered to complain. The other 95 percent just voted with their cash by switching. To reduce the loss of customers in the future, customer relations tries to analyze the five percent who complained in order to understand the ninety-five percent who did not complain yet were unhappy. Customer relations must anticipate the needs of ea

A．deals with positive customer comments, returns and other concerns

B．plays a word game with the customers who had bad experiences with products or services

C．handles customers who were not satisfied with products or services

D．directs the quality of the product or service, its delivery and advertising strategy